就因为少一个铁钉,居然亡了一个国家

admin · 发表于 2020-10-20 00:07:16

<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">少了一个铁钉，掉了一个马掌；<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">掉了一个马掌，失了一匹战马；<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">失了一匹战马，丢了一个国王；<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">丢了一个国王，输了一场战争；<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; text-align: center; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">输了一场战争，亡了一个国家。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这首苏格兰民谣道出了一个常常让人忽略的事实：有时候，历史巨大车轮转向何方，仅仅缘于一枚小小的铁钉——<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">歌德曾经满怀敬畏地把历史称作“上帝的神秘作坊”。其实，这个作坊大部分时间只是冷漠枯燥地记录着一件又一件琐碎平淡的事情；只是在某个特定时刻，这个作坊会顷刻爆发出最具戏剧性的火花，某个稍纵即逝的瞬间，某个微不足道的事件，决定了一个人的生死、一支军队的胜败、一个国家的存亡……<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1、一颗没有击发的子弹<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">亨利·坦迪是一位优秀的士兵。 <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1910年，19岁的坦迪加入英军。在第一次世界大战期间，他参加了血腥的伊普尔战役和索姆河大会战，并两次受伤。1918年8月28日，二等兵坦迪因作战英勇被授予“优异战斗勋章”；9月12日，他在哈维林肯特战斗中因英雄主义表现被授予“军事奖章”；同月28日，在夺占马尔宽渡口的激战中，坦迪的英勇表现又为他赢得了一枚“维多利亚十字勋章”。这已经是一个英军士兵所能获得的最高荣誉了。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">然而，坦迪万万没有想到，让他留名青史的，不是他的英勇无畏，而是他铸成了一桩历史大错。错误发生在夺占法国小镇马尔宽渡口的战斗中，虽然英军战报里5次提到坦迪的英勇表现。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-type="gif" data-ratio="0.7607913669064749" data-w="" url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/7rPib74rSXSnxXSRvNjLYfqhicQvshrWTjHOonlzicGMkZd9J9cMJjkJfZcOibHrsjTS6XeAdQ7WyKdmLDk4lYkLKA/0?wx_fmt=gif" file_id="213531885" format="gif" source="upload" width="auto" i2s_selected="true" i2s_guid="6a9d9242-f086-2257-1ae8-583041dc3f0f" i2s_id="f59f39af3f6d45e2100a26abf62927de" i2s_untagged="true" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/7rPib74rSXSnxXSRvNjLYfqhicQvshrWTjHOonlzicGMkZd9J9cMJjkJfZcOibHrsjTS6XeAdQ7WyKdmLDk4lYkLKA/0?wx_fmt=gif" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1918年9月28日这天，坦迪所在的步兵团一度被德军猛烈的重机枪火力所压制。二等兵坦迪跃出战壕，只身一人匍匐靠近德军阵地并成功地消灭了德军枪手。抵达渡口时，他再次冒着密集的炮火率先铺设起木板，使英军冲锋部队得以顺利冲入敌军阵地，最终迫使人数占优的德军退出战斗。两军的血腥厮杀渐渐平息下来，突然，坦迪的视线中出现了一个德军伤兵。这个一瘸一拐走出阵地的德军士兵也看到了不远处坦迪的枪口正死死地指着他。 <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">然而，这个伤兵显然已经精疲力竭，他既没有举枪也没有惊慌失措，只是毫无表情地盯着坦迪，似乎在等待已无可避免的最后时刻。“我当时的确瞄准了，但我从来不射杀伤兵，”坦迪日后回忆起当时戏剧性的一刻，“我让他走掉了。”上膛的子弹没有击发，坦迪收起了枪。那个年轻的德国伤兵略略点了点头，然后就慢慢走远了。整个人类二十世纪的历史也就是在这一刻忽然掉转了方向。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">这名德军下士与德军残部顺利撤回后方，而坦迪很快也淡忘了这个战斗结束时刻的小插曲。1919年12月17日，他获得了“维多利亚十字勋章”。意大利艺术家福蒂尼诺·马塔尼亚专门创作了一幅以伊普尔战役为背景的油画，坦迪在画中背着一个伤兵，以示这些勇敢的士兵是在为“结束一切战争”而战斗。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1926年，35岁的坦迪荣归故里，娶妻生子，过起了平静的生活。1938年的欧洲风云突变。英国首相张伯伦同意前往德国与元首希特勒会谈，9月15日，当他进入巴伐利亚希特勒新近修成的私人别墅时，惊奇万分，这位德国元首的客厅里赫然挂着一幅马塔尼亚当年为坦迪所作画像的复制品！希特勒解释说：“画中的这个人差点要了我的命，当时我甚至觉得自己再也见不到德国了，上天将我从英国士兵瞄准我的枪口下救了出来。”<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">无论如何，希特勒希望首相回国后向他的这位英国“救命恩人”转达最衷心的感谢。首相表示会设法转告。然而，这个突如其来的祝福对坦迪来说无疑是命运的一记重重的耳光。消息传到英国国内，举国震惊。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.7" data-w="500" width="auto" i2s_selected="true" i2s_guid="2013c704-2922-70c7-016f-a1e3030355b9" i2s_id="854dea6495a95eaf5b3cebc4c87006be" i2s_untagged="true" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/7rPib74rSXSnxXSRvNjLYfqhicQvshrWTj8Xicej6LyE9NMZjafJ4kXXEV0uUGCrkwWEOVGycWRdHuuH4CmUaiaLxQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">再说坦迪，昔日的荣誉与征战往事突然间成了最折磨人的记忆。由于他的“善行”，整个世界陷入了一场劫难，数以千万计的生灵遭到涂炭。1940年，坦迪移居考文垂，他目睹德国空军将这座城市炸成平地。此后，他在伦敦再次亲历纳粹空军的狂轰滥炸。他对一位新闻记者痛苦地感慨道：“要知道这个家伙会是这样一个人，我真该一枪毙了他。那么多人，那么多老弱妇孺被他杀害，我真是有愧于上帝啊！” <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">时年49岁的坦迪再次报名参军，但他在索姆河会战中所受的重伤使他已不能重返战场。虽然这位老兵此后忘我地投入到国内志愿工作之中，但对往事的记忆却时时折磨着他。1977年，坦迪在考文垂去世，享年86岁。 一时之仁，改变数千万人的命运，是上天的安排，还是历史的必然？<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 2、一张过时地图<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1940年5月24日，英吉利海峡大雨如注，地面上一群疲惫之师，正在缓慢地向敦刻尔克港撤退。他们是英国人、法国人组成的联军，约有40万之众。仅仅半个月前，法西斯德国的军队突然发动“闪电进攻”，英法联军被打得晕头转向，兵败如山倒，如今已被压缩在敦刻尔克周围的一个长20英里、宽15英里的狭小三角地带中。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">德军的装甲部队、步兵和炮兵已从东西和东南面包抄过来，完全可以在短时间内把龟缩在敦刻尔克的英法军队一举歼灭。英法联军身后就是波涛汹涌的大海，命运危在旦夕，除非有奇迹出现，否则他们将面临一场大屠杀。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">然而，就在联军陷入绝望之际，奇迹真的出现了。德国装甲部队的进攻戛然而止，而命令德军坦克部队停止前进的，竟是德国最高元首希特勒。杀得性起的德军装甲集群只能眼睁睁看着眼前这一大群猎物向海上逃命。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.606" data-w="500" url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/7rPib74rSXSnEzS9x8q19XuQicFSLZ1b8pWQyaeqIxnqiccprJuJOEDGXM2UxHcYOibdhW428ZJ1sEumt0uMOH0yLQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" file_id="213499729" format="jpeg" source="lib" width="auto" i2s_selected="true" i2s_guid="f266dbc6-1ec6-ba4f-9fc4-566046afd679" i2s_id="fbc34bf0a34a3bad886685de8c58b9c1" i2s_untagged="true" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/7rPib74rSXSnEzS9x8q19XuQicFSLZ1b8pWQyaeqIxnqiccprJuJOEDGXM2UxHcYOibdhW428ZJ1sEumt0uMOH0yLQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" /><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">英国人抓住这救命的时机，全国动员，渔船、客轮、游艇、救生艇，不论大小，只要能搜罗到的船只都开往英吉利海峡，抢救被围困的官兵。经过9日9夜的奋战，34万多名士兵撤到了英国的海岸上，其中大多是英军。4年以后，这些“羔羊”们变成了狮子，在诺曼底登陆战中重返欧洲战场，参加了对德军的反攻。 <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">战争狂人希特勒为什么会做出这样一个令人费解的决定呢？是希特勒的一时慈悲，还是另有计谋？这一直是困扰二战史学家的谜题。 <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">后来，谜题终于得以解开。原来，希特勒当时手中的军事地图是多年前绘制的，在这张陈旧的地图上，敦刻尔克是一片泥泞的沼泽。希特勒信心满满地认为，只要把英法联军困在这里，就能让他们陷入沼泽大量减员，德军不需要费一枪一弹。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">同时希特勒也害怕自己的机械化部队陷入沼泽，而让逼上绝路的英法联军背水一战，给德军造成威胁。老奸巨猾的希特勒就下达了这样一个日后让他肠子都悔青的决定。一张过时的军事地图，挽救了英法联军，改变了日后的战局。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">3、一只小小纽扣<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">拿破仑是一位传奇人物。“这世界上没有比他更伟大的人了！”英国前首相丘吉尔曾经这样评价他。这位军事天才一生之中都在征战，曾多次创造以少胜多的著名战例，至今仍被各国军校奉为经典教例。然而，1812年的一场失败却改变了他的命运，从此法兰西第一帝国一蹶不振逐渐走向衰亡。加拿大著名化学家潘尼·莱克托在其新著《拿破仑的纽扣：改变世界历史的17个分子》中提出，变成粉末的纽扣很可能在拿破仑那场惨败中发挥着重要作用。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1812年5月9日，拿破仑率领浩浩荡荡的60万大军远征俄罗斯。法军长驱直入，在短短的几个月内直捣莫斯科城。然而，俄国沙皇亚历山大采取了坚壁清野的措施，使远离本土的法军陷入粮荒之中，即使在莫斯科，也找不到干草和燕麦，大批军马死亡，许多大炮因无马匹驮运不得不毁弃。<p i2s_image_cover_id="27245d3ad5ab763331a8e5e2bb007941" i2s_image_cover="true" style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-ratio="0.8758992805755396" data-w="" url="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/7rPib74rSXSnxXSRvNjLYfqhicQvshrWTjLmxq6nTa1fEuibh8ULbSp7E1xppnQnbVliaUkf39Nqk6abiaqKN3lUVXA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" file_id="213532088" format="jpeg" source="upload" width="auto" i2s_selected="true" i2s_id="27245d3ad5ab763331a8e5e2bb007941" i2s_type="regular" i2s_dt="5" i2s_scanned="true" i2s_scale="0" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/7rPib74rSXSnxXSRvNjLYfqhicQvshrWTjLmxq6nTa1fEuibh8ULbSp7E1xppnQnbVliaUkf39Nqk6abiaqKN3lUVXA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" /> 几周后，寒冷的天气给拿破仑大军带来了致命的诅咒。在饥寒交迫下，1812年冬天，拿破仑大军被迫从莫斯科撤退，沿途士兵不断被活活冻死，最终，60万大军只剩下了不到1万人。 <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">潘尼教授认为，拿破仑大军的制服上，用的都是锡制纽扣，而在寒冷的气候中，锡制纽扣会发生化学变化成为粉末。由于衣服上没有了纽扣，大军在寒风暴雪中形同敞胸露怀，许多人被活活冻死，还有一些人得病而死。<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">潘尼在新书中援引了一些同时代俄国人的目击记录：“那些男人就如同是一群魔鬼，他们裹着女人的斗篷、奇怪的地毯碎片或者烧满小洞的大衣。”潘尼道：“毫无疑问，1812冬天的寒冷温度是造成拿破仑征俄大军崩溃的主要因素，而锡在低温度下可变的特性，正是拿破仑士兵被迫披上这些古怪衣服的真正原因。”<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <blockquote style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); white-space: normal; widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">锡是一种坚硬的金属，然而它有3种同素异形体，即白锡、脆锡和灰锡。通常锡是一种银白色金属，在13.2摄氏度以上，它更加坚硬和稳定；气温下降到13.2摄氏度以下时，锡金属上会出现一些粉状小点，然后会出现一些小孔，最后锡金属的边缘会分崩离析。如果温度急剧下降到零下33摄氏度时，就会产生“锡瘟”，晶体锡会变成粉末锡。</blockquote><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">不可思议，小小纽扣竟能打败60万大军？<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); widows: 1; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6000003814697px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249);">广州市设备维修有限公司 <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">地址：广州市天河区银利街银利茶叶博览中心E栋4楼E4030室       邮编：510507<p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">电话：(+86)020-8722 8723    8764 5360    8764 2943     传真：020-8722 8623<p style="max-width: 100%; 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