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医疗设备电路故障通用检修方法

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发表于 2020-10-19 23:16:43 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

                    

                    

                    
                    
                    <p><strong style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">一、观察故障现象</strong><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">  先询问机器操作人员,了解使用情况和故障发生经过。可能且必要时通电试机,仔细观察故障现象。对面板上的各个功能旋钮、按键和开关应正确进行操作,以全面观察故障表现,并作好记录,予以分析研究。</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">&nbsp;</span></p><p><strong style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">二、查找原因</strong><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">  现代精密仪器设备各部分都是按逻辑关系配合工作的,因此某个元器件损坏或性能参数发生变化,都会导致仪器设备运行紊乱或根本不能工作。在检修中,应遵循“先外后内、先易后难、先粗后细,逐步缩小范围”的原则,由浅入深逐步检查。通常先查气路、水路、油路等故障。光路部分一般是通过调节和清洁处理来排除故障,真正硬件损坏的不多。以下重点介绍电路部分的检修。</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">&nbsp;</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><strong style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">2.1 直接查找</strong><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">①通过眼观手触找到损坏部位。它适合明显的连接故障,但大多数元器件损坏、隐蔽的连接故障以及状态偏移故障无法查出;</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">②通过万用表测量各个部位的电阻值,找出损坏部位。当在电路中测量无法确定好坏时,应把可疑元器件取出,单独检测。无法逐一检测时,可参考有关维修资料,对易损件进行检测。有些元器件性能不良,只能用专用测试仪或替换法进行判断。对于大多数状态偏移故障,该法也难以查出;</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">③逐一更换可疑元器件,或用交叉替换法,即把可疑元器件取出,安装进另一台好的设备中,验证该元器件是否损坏。如果无法逐一替换和检测,可对功能模块、电路板、系统部件、局部设备乃至整台仪器设备进行更换,以减少替换和判断次数、降低检修难度。即所谓的“板级维修” 。</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">&nbsp;</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><strong style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">2.2 间接查找</strong><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">  通电测试,并对电路关键处的电压、电流、波形等进行测量。通电前须了解仪器设备工作原理以及有关安全防护措施,以保证检修人员、测量仪表和被修机器三者的安全。</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">  该法一般是通过对电路关键处的电压进行测量、看其正常与否来查出损坏部位。由于电路各部分的逻辑关系,往往某处损坏后,不仅使该处电压异常,还会使其它有关部位的电压亦出现异常,甚至会产生所谓附属故障。因此检修时还必须搞清电路各部分之间的逻辑关系,才能找到真正损坏的部位。</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">  首先要认清电路各部分之间的输入、输出关系。在正常情况下,输入端的状况会影响输出端的状况。当电路某个部分出故障时,其输出端就不能对输入端作出正确响应,会出现异常。因此若发现某个部分,其输入正常而输出异常,一般可以肯定该部分损坏[3]。一般在单元电路之间,存在着比较明显的输入、输出关系。而单元电路内部,这种关系往往不明显。单元电路中各处的电压和电流,通常只能根据电路基本定律,通过电路联立方程了解它们之间的相互关联[10]。由于一个单元电路包含的元器件往往不多,一旦明确故障出在某个单元电路中,就可用直接查找法,找出真正损坏的部位,而不必去分析那种复杂的关联性。</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">  其次要认清仪器设备的整体、局部和具体细节。这样就可先从大处着眼,确定故障所在的大致范围。一旦明确,最简单的修复措施就是把该范围内所有元器件及其连接都更换掉,类似“板级维修”。如认为维修成本太高,可进一步了解该范围内电路是由哪些更小部分所组成,以及各部分的输入、输出关系,再进行检测,以在更小范围内确定损坏部位。随着故障范围的缩小,需要更多更具体的电路知识以及对仪器设备工作原理更详细的了解。因此故障范围缩小到一定程度时,可采用直接查找损坏部位的三种方法来找出损坏部位,以减少大量电路知识的学习、减轻学习负担。对于电路中有微处理器的仪器设备,如电脑、自动化和智能化仪器设备等,还必须了解它的宏观、微观时序结构。对于直流和低频正弦稳态电路,通过对电压进行测量,能比较容易地分清是否正常。但对于高频、非正弦、非周期、非稳态、脉冲、数字等电路,光靠测量电压,很难判断是否正常。这时还要借助分割、等效模拟、信号注入、波形检测、逻辑分析仪等种种手段,才能最终找到真正损坏的部位。</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">  采用间接法,是为了减少检修时的盲目性、提高工作效率、以最低的物质成本修复那些从未见过的疑难故障,但技术难度大,需要对仪器设备有较深入的认识,因而人力成本高且有时还要配备昂贵的维修检测设备,一般短期内难以掌握。</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">&nbsp;</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><strong style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">三、排除故障</strong><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">3.1 </span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">凡是元器件损坏造</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">成的故障只要更换元器件即可。</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">&nbsp;</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">3.2 凡是接触不良、虚焊、锈蚀、霉断、断裂、松动、脱落等等造成的故障,可通过清洁处理改善接触、焊接、紧固、更换连接线等措施使其连接正常。凡受潮、污染、异物掉进电路、元器件相碰、绝缘材料性能下降等导致漏电、短路故障,应进行清洁处理、隔离、更换绝缘材料等予以排除。</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">&nbsp;</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">3.3 状态偏移故障</span><br style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"  /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);">  可根据仪器设备的技术要求,通过改变元器件参数(如可变电阻、电容、电感等),把电路调整到正常状态即可。</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"></span></p><p style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; 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word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">维修咨询:QQ: &nbsp;712638 404</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">设备咨询: &nbsp; QQ: &nbsp;712638 405</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24.381px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">软件咨询:QQ: 712638 406</span><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"  /></p><p style="text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">配件咨询:QQ: &nbsp; 712638 407</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">交流Q群:1106 11074</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">网址:https://renchengyiliao.1688.com</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">电子邮箱:service@yiliaoshebeiweixiu.com</span></p><p style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br  /></span></p><p style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: &#39;Microsoft YaHei&#39;, 宋体, Arial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px; text-indent: 30px;"><br  /></span></p><p style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal;"><span style="padding-left: 20px; font-size: 16.8px; font-family: &#39;helvetica neue&#39;, helvetica, &#39;microsoft yahei&#39;, arial, 微软雅黑, simhei, simsun; line-height: 33.6px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"><br  /></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Simsun; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px;  background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);"><br  /></span><br  /></p>
               
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