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<section data-role="paragraph" data-color="rgb(182, 228, 253)" data-custom="rgb(182, 228, 253)"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/86b79d371e9862b01189f0252a03b2cd_1.png" /></p></p></section><section><section><span><strong></strong></span></section><p><span>医疗器械媒体报道先锋</span></p><p><span>分享专业医疗器械知识</span></p></section><section><section><section><span>关注</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="rgb(182, 228, 253)" data-custom="rgb(182, 228, 253)"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section><p><br /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="97388"><section><section><section><section data-autoskip="1"><p>2020 年 3 月 10 日,Ravindra K. Gupta 团队在《柳叶刀·艾滋病病毒》(Lancet HIV) 发表题为 Evidence for HIV-1 cure after CCR5Δ32/Δ32 allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation 30 months post analytical treatment interruption: a case report 的研究 ,跟进了去年那位神奇的「伦敦病人」治疗最新进展。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section><br /></section><section><span>在这项最新研究中,作者对患者病情改善的评估从「长期缓解」改为了「治愈」,并确认 「伦敦病人」是世界上第 2 例被治愈的艾滋病患者。</span></section><section><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></section><section><br /></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/ec4db92646f58beab1bbe2ff4e6e22a2_2.png" /></p></p><p><span>图源:Lancet HIV<br /></span></p><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><br /></p><p><span>这名来自伦敦的病人之前接受了干细胞移植手术;对该患者的长期随访表明,在停止抗HIV治疗30个月后:</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span>· 其体内没有检测到有活性的HIV病毒;</span></p><p><span>· CD4细胞计数正常;</span></p><p><span>· 人体组织样本中,仍有HIV-1整合进去的DNA残留物。这些HIV病毒逆转录后留下的残留物,不太可能再复制出病毒。</span></p><p><span>· 患者99%的免疫细胞来源于捐赠者的干细胞,说明干细胞移植是成功的。</span></p><p><br /></p></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><p><span> 怎么治的?</span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>这次的治疗方法,与第一例被治愈的HIV感染者“柏林病人”所接受的类似。他们都接受了<strong>干细胞移植手术</strong>,干细胞来自携带抗<strong>HIV基因(CCR5-Δ32/Δ32)</strong>的捐献者。</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span>理想情况下,移植的干细胞会在患者体内产生新的细胞,将患者的免疫细胞替换成捐献者的,从而使病毒无法在患者体内复制。2011年,在治疗3.5年后,“柏林病人”被报道为第一例HIV治愈者。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/8e923a6393ebb7238a1fefbe6dc246be_3.jpg" /></p></p></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span>柏林病人Timothy Brown(右)和他的医生Gero H?tter(左)|  hoto by Robert Hood / Fred Hutch News Service</span></p></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><br /></p><p><span>不过,这次的“伦敦病人”的治疗方案比“柏林病人”更简单一些。柏林病人经历了两轮干细胞移植,另外还进行了全身放疗以及一个化疗方案,后两者可以用来杀灭一切残存的HIV病毒。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>而这次的“伦敦病人”,则经历了一次干细胞移植及一个低剂量化疗方案,没有进行全身放疗。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>2019年,研究者曾报道了“伦敦病人”的状况,表明其HIV感染情况有所缓解。这一次,在“伦敦病人”停止抗逆转录治疗29个月时,在检测多种样本后,研究人员认为,这位“伦敦病人”已经被治愈了。</span></p><p><span> </span></p></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><p><span> 治疗结果如何?</span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><br /></p><p><span>研究人员采集了患者的脑脊液、肠组织或淋巴组织,进行了非常敏感的病毒载量检测、CD4细胞计数检测,并评估了捐献者免疫细胞替换患者免疫细胞的程度;另外,停抗HIV药30个月时则对病人进行了血液病毒载量检测。</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span>检测结果显示,无论是停止抗逆转录治疗29个月时的患者脑脊液、 精液、肠组织、淋巴组织样本,还是30个月时的血液样本,都没有检测到活病毒感染。</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span>同时,患者CD4细胞计数正常。HIV通过与人体细胞的CD4受体结合,进入CD4细胞从而造成破坏。CD4细胞数量是HIV感染程度的重要指标;其计数正常,表明移植过程使这类细胞有了良好的恢复——移植的抗HIV干细胞产生了新的CD4细胞,取代了患者体内原本的CD4细胞。</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span>此外,患者99%的免疫细胞来源于捐赠者的干细胞,这也表明干细胞移植是成功的。不过,在某些组织(比如淋巴结)中,细胞比例是无法测量的,因而无法准确测量患者身体各个部位中来自供体干细胞的细胞比例。研究者使用模型分析,预测了两种情况下的治愈概率——如果患者身上的细胞80%来自移植,那治愈的可能性预计为98%;而如果有90%供体来源的细胞,治愈的可能性为99%。</span></p><p><span> </span></p><p><span>另外,尽管患者体内没有检测到活病毒感染,但在组织样本中仍然有整合的HIV-1 DNA残留物,在第一位治愈的HIV患者中也发现了该残留物。论文作者建议将它们视为所谓的“化石”,因<strong>为这些DNA残留物不太可能复制病毒,也就不会带来危害。</strong></span></p><p><span> </span></p></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><p><span> “伦敦病人”被彻底治愈了吗?</span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>“伦敦病人”的恢复情况,佐证了干细胞移植方法对于HIV治疗的效果。</span></p><p><br /></p><p><span>论文作者强调,与柏林病人的治疗方法相比,伦敦病人的治疗强度更低——只需进行一次干细胞移植(而不是两次),并且不需要全身照射——这表明,使用更少的药物治疗可以实现HIV的长期缓解。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>同时,对于最近利用CCR5基因进行基因编辑(贺建奎的“基因编辑婴儿”使用的就是CCR5基因)引发的讨论,论文作者迪米特拉·佩珀(Dimitra Peppa)表示,这项结果为未来利用CCR5基因治愈HIV的研究提供了借鉴意义:“伦敦和柏林病人就是在基因编辑之外,利用CCR5基因进行治疗的案例。当然,在把CCR5基因当做一种有效的HIV治疗手段之前,对于进一步的基因编辑研究,还有许多伦理和技术上的障碍尚待克服。”</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>然而,需要注意的是,这种治疗方法风险很高,而且仅仅是对于患有危及生命的血液恶性肿瘤的HIV感染者的最后一种治疗手段。目前,大多数HIV患者都可以用现有疗法来控制病毒,并有可能度过长寿、健康的一生,因此,对于那些正在接受成功的抗逆转录病毒治疗的HIV患者来说,这不是一种可以普遍使用的疗法。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>而且,作为第二例通过接受这项实验性疗法而痊愈的病人,“伦敦病人”仍然需要接受持续的检查与观测,以防止病毒再次感染。血液里没有检测到病毒感染,并不能代表患者被完全治愈了;HIV病毒的潜伏情况非常复杂,之前的密西西比婴儿就是在30个月都没有检测到病毒的情况下,其体内又重新出现了HIV病毒。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>“伦敦病人”是不是彻底被治愈了,我们还尚不能完全确定——只有时间能给我们最后的答案。</span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span>来源:丁香园、果壳</span></p></section><section><br /></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section data-role="outer" label=" owered by gulangu"><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#757576"><section data-role="paragraph"><section><section><section data-brushtype="text"><strong>相关阅读</strong></section></section></section><section><section><br /></section></section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><section><section data-width="100%"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87578" data-color="#6aa9ad" 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