麻醉机的基本工作原理

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                    <p style="line-height: 1.5em;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/A1DicCH9Vl6M5ZOUw4MDPric74wQnsRyPrJz9CP7zCvU19GI1e4iahicghpxicjDnrf6BBsCaR9lGrQjDydQvjic7mXA/0" data-ratio="0.18972332015810275" data-w="" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/A1DicCH9Vl6M5ZOUw4MDPric74wQnsRyPrJz9CP7zCvU19GI1e4iahicghpxicjDnrf6BBsCaR9lGrQjDydQvjic7mXA/0" style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; text-indent: 2em;">麻醉机从工作原理上可分为以下几个主要的分系统：气体供给系统、控制回路系统、呼吸和通气回路系统，还有清除系统，以及一组系统功能和呼吸回路监护仪。有些麻醉机还有一些监护仪和报警器，方便显示其与心肺功能或呼吸混合气体中麻醉剂和其他气体浓度有关的某些生理变量和参数的数值及变化情况。</span><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  /></p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">下面主要从工作原理方面说明麻醉机的构成和各部分作用。</p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1、气体供给和控制回路系统</strong></p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">麻醉机工作时需要大量的氧气，通常是从医院的中央供气系统或氧气钢瓶中获得，从钢瓶输入回路的每种气体，都要通过过滤器、单向通气阀和调节器，调节器可将压力降到麻醉机合适的工作压力，中央供气系统不需要调节器，因为气体已经降到4公斤左右，而麻醉机的适合工作压力为3-6公斤。大多数麻醉机都有氧源故障报警系统，如果氧气压力低于2.8公斤以下，机器会减少或切断其他气体的流量，并启动报警器。</p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在连续流动装置中的每一种气体的流量均由流量计控制，并由流量计显示出来，流量计可以是机械性的，也可以是带LCD的电子传感器，气体通过控制阀和流量计后，进入低压回路，如果需要还要通过蒸发罐，然后供给病人。好的麻醉机，笑气和氧气的流量控制机构应该是连动的，只有这样氧气与笑气的比例就永远不会降到最小值（0.25L/分）。</p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2、呼吸和通气回路系统</strong></p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">大多数麻醉机可提供连续流动循环的氧气和麻醉气体，称为循环系统。在这类麻醉机中，有两种主要的呼吸回路，紧闭式和半紧闭式。</p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">在紧闭式呼吸回路中，病人呼出的气体经去除二氧化碳后，全部返回循环系统；半紧闭式中，病人呼出的气体部分进入循环系统，部分排出循环系统。在循环系统中，新鲜气体的供给流量低于1L/min称为低流量麻醉，低于0.5L/min的新鲜气体流量称为最低流量麻醉。</p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">手动通气要求操作者不断手动挤压储气囊使病人呼吸，在较长时间手术时，操作者不但非常疲劳，而且影响其他工作，因此常用自动呼吸机机械地使病人得以呼吸。呼吸机迫使麻醉混合气体进入病人回路和呼吸系统中，接受病人呼出的气体和新鲜气体。麻醉师可根据病人的情况调节潮气量、呼吸频率、吸呼比和分钟通气量等参数，调节通气方式来满足病人的各种需要。</p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3、清除系统</strong></p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">麻醉机的清除系统又称为二氧化碳吸收系统，由1-2个二氧化碳吸收罐组成，罐内装有钠石灰或钡石灰，主要作用是清除病人呼出气体中的二氧化碳。</p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4、监护与报警系统</strong></p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">麻醉机根据不同的配置有一套与监护有关的装置，如用于监测气道方面、生理方面、麻醉气体浓度以及能间接反映病人麻醉深度、肌肉松弛程度的监护。</p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">大部分麻醉机的监护系统只配一台附有基本监护装置作为系统的平台用，监护的内容包括：气道压力、吸入潮气量、分钟通气量、呼吸频率以及相关的报警系统，麻醉机上选配的其他的监护仪器可以单独选择购买，再加到麻醉机系统中去。</p><p style="margin: 15px 18px 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding: 0px; line-height: 24px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;">另外，麻醉机工作站还需要配有麻醉信息管理系统，麻醉信息管理系统可接收、分析、储存与麻醉临床和行政管理有关的信息，自动采集监护仪的信息并自动生成麻醉记录单。</p><p style=""><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/rz7R73cuHRrv6jdOCoJeZmYwvEAIoHpY0a7yJL2egiaEokLTpwkIsIRTzTFUic09aEThKHS4hrEcSqU0lAS3tu5g/0" data-ratio="0.14784394250513347" data-w="487" width="auto" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/rz7R73cuHRrv6jdOCoJeZmYwvEAIoHpY0a7yJL2egiaEokLTpwkIsIRTzTFUic09aEThKHS4hrEcSqU0lAS3tu5g/0" style="word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><p style=""><legend style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; white-space: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; widows: 2; margin: 0px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; 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word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(127, 127, 127);">，</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(0, 176, 80);">厂家推介</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">，</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">维修知识</span><span style="max-width: 100%; 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