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麻醉呼吸机的基本原理

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发表于 2020-10-21 13:43:01 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

                    

                    

                    
                    
                    <p style=""><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/kFiaamOEjRian1HH0R0eUOoCeBLcQMwLwP8AhIKEgibEZWZ6Aj8JI7ctB2SCxKLuXUNfMEVnjyjE28FWL7b7WmoKQ/0" data-ratio="0.11928429423459244" data-w="" width="auto" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/kFiaamOEjRian1HH0R0eUOoCeBLcQMwLwP8AhIKEgibEZWZ6Aj8JI7ctB2SCxKLuXUNfMEVnjyjE28FWL7b7WmoKQ/0" style="color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 32px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 18.88888931274414px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /><img data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/A1DicCH9Vl6Mz95WeSCrmOTqanc8zjBVNLQGOEWvuwOfnxZpYw3mZTDjBuwPXDQGtLRB2qhia0rucYa14Yicf73ibA/0" data-ratio="0.6679920477137177" data-w=""  />一、 麻醉机的基本原理<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  1.工作原理<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  麻醉机的功能主要是用以输出麻醉气体,使病人处于麻醉状态下接受手术,因而首先要有供气装置,所供气体为O2、空气或N2O。过去大多用贮气筒贮存的压缩O2或空气以及液体状态的N2O供应。现今多数城市大医院均建有中心供气系统,以提供上述三种气体。临床麻醉中应用都需经过降压,保证恒定的低压和安全。通常降压至3kg/cm2,输入麻醉机到呼吸环路还需经流量计减少气流量至每分钟的毫升数才能用于病人。因环路内设有单向活门,故吸入或呼出气体按一定方向运行,呼吸环路之间又设有钠石灰罐。于是在麻醉机环路内可进行正常呼吸,吸入氧或麻醉气体,呼出气体内的CO2流经钠石灰罐时被吸收。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  2.麻醉气体的供给<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  除N2O经由流量计控制直接输入环路与O2混合供病人吸入外,其它都由蒸发器所盛麻醉药液挥发后输出该麻醉药蒸汽。并按一定浓度供给病人吸入,故蒸发器可谓麻醉机的核心组成部分,关系到麻醉深浅及病人的安全。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  最简单的麻醉蒸发器是在盛有吸入麻醉药容器的上方空间通过一定量的O2、空气或N2O+O2混合气(有称稀释气体diluent gas),一小部分气体经过调节阀流入蒸发室,带走饱和麻醉蒸气(有称载气carrier gas),稀释气流与载气流在输出口汇合处混和成为含有一定百分比浓度麻醉蒸气的气流,进入呼吸环路供病人吸入。</p><p style=""><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  气体流经蒸发室带出麻醉药蒸气所使用的方式有:<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  ⑴气流拂过型(flow-over),载气从麻醉药液面拂过,带走麻醉药蒸气分子。多数麻醉机所用蒸发器均属此型(有称充气型plenum),气流主动进入蒸发室,室内为正压。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  ⑵气流抽吸型(Draw-over),与上不同的是借病人吸气的力量带出麻醉药蒸气,因而蒸发室内为负压。气流通过所受阻力必须很低(如空气麻醉机)。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  ⑶鼓泡型(Bubble through),载气穿透麻醉药液使成无数小气泡,从而增加挥发面积。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  ⑷滴入型(Dropper)即将麻醉药液有控制地滴入(或微泵注射器)滴入呼吸环路内蒸发后供病人吸入。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  ⑸兼有型:气流既可拂过液面,亦可兼有穿透药液形成气泡的功能。我院设计的DMN-86多功能麻醉机的蒸发器就兼有拂过、抽吸和穿透鼓泡三种功能。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  为输出恒定正确的麻醉药浓度,现代麻醉蒸发器都有温度压力补偿装置,如Drager19-I型蒸发器。地氟醚专用的Tec 6型蒸发器,则原理较为复杂。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  /><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />二、 麻醉呼吸机的基本原理<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  呼吸机或称通气机,是实施机械通气的工具,用以辅助和控制病人的呼吸,改善病人的氧合与通气,减少呼吸肌作功,支持循环功能等及作为呼衰的治疗等。</p><p style=""><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  人体自主呼吸的吸气期,膈肌收缩,胸廓扩张,胸内负压增大,使气道口与肺泡之间产生压力差,气体进入肺泡内。机械呼吸时,则多利用正压使成压力差,将麻醉气流压入肺泡,停止正压时借胸、肺组织弹性回缩,产生与大气压的压差,将肺泡气排向体外。因而呼吸机必须具备四个基本功能,即向肺充气、吸气向呼气转换,排出肺泡气以及呼气向吸气转换,依次循环往复。因此必须有:⑴能提供输送气体的动力,代替人体呼吸肌的工作;⑵能产生一定的呼吸节律,包括呼吸频率和吸呼比,以代替人体呼吸中枢神经支配呼吸节律的功能;⑶能提供合适的潮气量(VT)或分钟通气量(MV),以满足呼吸代谢的需要;⑷供给的气体最好经过加温和湿化,代替人体鼻腔功能,并能供给高于大气中所含的O2量,以提高吸入O2浓度,改善氧合。</p><p style=""><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  动力源:可用压缩气体作动力(气动)或电机作为动力(电动)呼吸频率及吸呼比亦可利用气动气控、电动电控、气动电控等类型,呼与吸气时相的切换,常于吸气时于呼吸环路内达到预定压力后切换为呼气(定压型)或吸气时达到预定容量后切换为呼气(定容型),不过现代呼吸机都兼有以上两种形式。<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  治疗用的呼吸机,常用于病情较复杂较重的病人,要求功能较齐全,可进行各种呼吸模式,以适应病情变化的需要。而麻醉呼吸机主要用于麻醉手术中的病人,病人大多无重大心肺异常,要求的呼吸机,只要可变通气量、呼吸频率及吸呼比者,能行IPPV,基本上就可使用。</p><p style=""><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  呼吸机的基本原理:绝大多数较常用的系由气囊(或折叠风箱)内外双环气路进行工作,内环气路、气流与病人气道相通,外环气路、气流主用以挤压呼吸囊或风箱,将气囊(或风箱内的新鲜气体压向病人肺泡内,以便进行气体交换,有称驱动气。因其与病人气道不通,可用压缩氧或压缩空气。</p><p style=""><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  现代呼吸机大多为:<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  ⑴气动电控:<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  如Ohmeda 7000型呼吸机,是气动电控双环气路的典型应用,其电子控制系统根据MV、吸呼比及呼吸频率设定值计算出VT、吸气时间、呼气时间、吸气流量,从而控制所需驱动气的气流量。在吸气相,电子控制单元关闭放气活门,驱动器进入风箱的外箱中,随着驱动气不断流入箱外压力上升,风箱受压,向下运动,迫使箱内气体流入麻醉呼吸环路,进入病人肺内。当输送的驱动气总量等于所核定的量,吸气相结束,电子控制单元打开驱动气放气活门,箱外驱动器压力下降,新鲜气与病人呼出气的混合气体也就不断进入箱内,使用风箱上升,当呼气结束,放气活门又复关闭,驱动器进入风箱外箱中,如此周而复始。</p><p style=""><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  ⑵气动气控:<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  如本院设计的STAR-100型麻醉呼吸机,系采用上、下双折叠风箱,上风箱通病人气道,下风箱通上风箱外室,上、下两个气室中隔开孔,通过风箱胀缩及活门上下方磁铁启闭中隔活门。驱动气流入上室时,下风箱内气体亦随文秋里效应流入上室,上室压力上升,迫使风箱下移,使其内的新鲜气体流向病人,即吸气相,达预定VT值后,风箱不能再向下压缩,时因上室压力继续升高,使上室风箱外气体转入下室风箱,风箱上升项开中隔活门,并为上磁铁吸引,上室内气体由中隔开孔流向下室。排出口排向大气,上室内压力下降,新鲜气流随之进入上风箱,为下一次吸气作准备。当上风箱受压下移达预定值时,将中膈活门压向下,同时为下磁铁吸引而关闭中隔开孔,而驱动气又继续流入上室,产生的文秋里效应使下风箱内气体又随之流入上室,下风箱下移,不再影响中隔活门的关闭,直到吸气相再次开始,上室压力高至气流逆向流入下风箱,下风箱上升打开中隔开孔为止,如此周而复始进行工作,其驱动气流量大小和下室排气开口大小可调控频率和吸呼比,从而基本满足了呼吸机四个功能。</p><p style=""><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  ⑶电动电控:<br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  如国产SC-3型呼吸机,用两组四连杆结构将旋转运动变为摇摆,从而带动贮气囊上下往复运动,产生控制呼吸。 <br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  马达减速后,带动园盘M,又通过连杆将运动传给摆块N,使其产生摆动。又通过连杆L使摆杆K上下运动。呼气相时摆杆向上移动,使风箱容量增加充气。吸气时,K向下运动,迫使风箱内的气体流向病人肺内。M转速可改变频率,调节L与K的连接点,可改变VT。O2从进口H输入,经单向活门贮在贮气囊C,呼气时,风箱扩大,C中O2输入风箱。吸气时,单向活门E关闭,风箱内气体O2进入病人肺内,当气道压&gt;1500pxH2O,限压活门G开放,释放气体,降低气道压力。PEEP与鱼嘴呼吸活门F相连,病人呼出气体经PEEP活门排出。</p><p style=""><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  />  ⑷高频喷射通气机:其原理系将高压气源的高流量气体断续地直接输入病人气道,造成高频喷射通气的基本原理系利用旋转阀,气动阀或电磁阀来控制喷射气流而成。整个呼吸回路与大气相通,其呼出气直接排向大气,其流量、压力和频率可调,适用于某些特殊要求的病例、病情和手术。</p><p style=""><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/rz7R73cuHRrv6jdOCoJeZmYwvEAIoHpY0a7yJL2egiaEokLTpwkIsIRTzTFUic09aEThKHS4hrEcSqU0lAS3tu5g/0" data-ratio="0.14784394250513347" data-w="487" width="auto" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/rz7R73cuHRrv6jdOCoJeZmYwvEAIoHpY0a7yJL2egiaEokLTpwkIsIRTzTFUic09aEThKHS4hrEcSqU0lAS3tu5g/0" style="word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p><p style=""><legend style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; white-space: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; widows: 2; margin: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; 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word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 20px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></span></strong><br style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"  /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; widows: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 仿宋; font-size: 19px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">群主微信号:</span><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; widows: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">    shanying916</span></strong></p><fieldset class="brcolor" style="white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(0, 187, 236); max-width: 100%; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 微软雅黑; line-height: 24px; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(248, 247, 245); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><legend style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px 10px; border-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span class="bkcolor" style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; background-color: rgb(0, 187, 236); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">复制上面微信号</span><img data-s="300,640" data-ratio="1.35" data-w="20" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/A1DicCH9Vl6NE8iaIXiblrE1WKyXQz6qbATAS0VZxTKlGupjMMNvicoNs9vhvYGBr83wmsdO1ouTw7kVDibk9w6VoMg/0" class="" id="c6" width="auto" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/A1DicCH9Vl6NE8iaIXiblrE1WKyXQz6qbATAS0VZxTKlGupjMMNvicoNs9vhvYGBr83wmsdO1ouTw7kVDibk9w6VoMg/640" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;"  /><span style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">联系我哟</span></span></legend><blockquote style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; padding: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 192, 0); font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 192, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">? </span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">定期推送</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 192, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">医械资讯</span><span style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 176, 80); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">厂家推介</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(112, 48, 160); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">维修知识</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 176, 240); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">产品知识</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(146, 208, 80); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">医疗器械相关</span></span></span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">等诸多优质内容,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">最接地气</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">、</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">重价值</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">的医疗器械微信平台!关注我们妥妥没错,<span style="max-width: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">推广合作联系我呦</span>!</span></span></p></blockquote></fieldset><p style=""><img data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/A1DicCH9Vl6MYAEPWTib8tjxcvx0icbN5kq6PvfS6PHyKaMRwicKyXRpyaPRoHgn3OOr1vBKYm6b9vtYp87hJM8nXw/0" data-ratio="0.7835365853658537" data-w="328" width="auto" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/A1DicCH9Vl6MYAEPWTib8tjxcvx0icbN5kq6PvfS6PHyKaMRwicKyXRpyaPRoHgn3OOr1vBKYm6b9vtYp87hJM8nXw/640" style="word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;"  /></p>
               
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