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<p><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">一、人为出现故障的规律<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 仪器出现故障的一般统计规律是：在仪器使用的早期，出现故障的可能性较高，其原因主要是由于元器件的质量不佳、筛选老化处理不严格、装配工艺上的缺陷、设计不合理以及人为的操作失误等因素引起，因此，这一时期的可能性较低或者说故障发生率较高。这人时期称为仪器的早期故障期。<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 经过一段时间的运行后，仪器的元件、机构经过全理的调整，都已逐步适应正常的运行状态，仪器进入稳定使用期，故障的发生率较低，而且一般都是偶然性故障居多。此时仪器处于最佳工作状态，这一时期称为有效使用期。<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 经过长时间的运行以后，随着各种元件，尤其是易损元件、结构的磨损，损耗程度逐渐增加，仪器的故障率又逐渐上升，这个时期为仪器的损耗故障期。一般仪器早期故障发生于电子元件上，而损耗故障期则多见于机械零部件或光学零部件。<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 二、故障种类及发生原因<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 仪器的故障分必然性故障和偶然性故障。必然性故障是各种元器件、部件经长期使用后，性能和结构发生变化，导致仪器无法进行正常的工作，如元器件老化、变质，电位器磨损等。偶然性故障是指各种元器件、结构等因受外界条件的影响，出现突发性质变，而使仪器不能进行正常的工作，如交流电压过高，仪器受冲击等。<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 产主故障的原因具体分析如下：<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 1．人为引起的故障<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 这类故障是由于操作不当引起的，一般多由操作人员对使用程序不熟练或不注意所造成的。这类故障轻者导致仪器不能正常工作，重者可能损坏仪器。因此，在操作使用前，必须熟读用户使用说明书，了解正确的使用操作步骤，慎重行事才能减少这类故障的产生。<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 2．仪器设备质量缺陷引起的故障<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> ⑴元器件质量不好造成的故障：这类故障因元器件本身质量不好所造成的，同一类元件发生的故障具有一定的规律。常用元器件的常见故障。<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> ⑵设不合理造成的故障：这方面的故障有时会导致有关元器件频繁损坏，有时则可能使仪器性能下降而无法正常工作。这类故障多见于新产品。<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> ⑶配工艺上因疏忽造成的故障：这类故障多在装配过程中因虚焊、接插件接触不良以及各种原因引起的碰线、短路、断线、零件松脱产生的。<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 3．长期使用后的故障<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 这类故障与元器件使用寿命有关，因各种元器件衰老所致，所以是必然性故障。从表11—1可见，大多数器件长期使用后，均会出现故障，例如光电器件，膜电极老化、显示器的老化、机械零件的逐渐磨损、通气通液管路的老化等等。 各元器件的使用寿命差别很大，因此要使仪器能够长期正常工作，除了对易损元件加强维护外，及时更换这类元器件也不失为一种积极手段。<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 4．外因所致的故障<wbr /></span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> </span><br style="white-space: normal; list-style: none; line-height: 22px; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" /><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 22px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family: Arial, 宋体, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 仪器设备使用环境的条件不符合要求，常常是造成仪器故障的主要原因。一般环境条件指的是市电电压、温度、湿度、电场、磁场、振动等因素。<img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/A1DicCH9Vl6Olppiac1PlicQr5b4dgkdmoibrqDZiasPuRAQvbwIf4rpfmkfrGZoBQ2dibicXf3yc4n1CeicKBo6asIaaw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.3703703703703705" data-w="540" /></span></p><hr style="white-space: normal; 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发表于 2020-10-21 13:07:10