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手术室 C 臂机辐射防护注意事项

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发表于 2020-10-20 12:17:05 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

                    

                    

                    
                    
                    <section data-role="outer" label="owered by gulangu"><section data-role="outer" label="owered by gulangu" style=""><p style="font-size: 16px;text-align: left;"><img data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.2053388090349076" data-type="jpeg" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Y0IKJZGxxOaMb5Usich3FpwdFv7cAkrau3NKsEmTd3pBAlAyIulVy4fwTrj9RUpibk6YwDMSQhONic8iaVmKjmzqZg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="width: 216px;height: 44px;" data-w="974"  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="86134" style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;white-space: normal;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: left;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;"></strong></p></section></section><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size: 16px;">在手术室使用的C形臂发出的X射线对人体的伤害主要是电离辐射。射线和物质的相互作用:</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; X射线进入人体后有三个效应:1.穿过人体2. 被人体吸收3. 散射(X射线激发出新的射线)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;手术室中病人受到的射线来自X光机直接发射的射线。而医生、护士等手术室的工作人员受到的辐射来自病人身体散射的射线。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;射线进入人体后具有6种效应:(1)X射线的穿透作用(2)X射线的荧光作用(3)X射线的电离作用(4)X射线的热作用(5)X射线的化学效应(6)X射线的生物效应</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 对人体的生物效应是:“由于射线具有穿透性,因此射线可以进入人体,并与体内细胞发生电离作用,电离产生的离子能侵蚀复杂的有机分子,如蛋白质、核酸和酶,它们都是构成活细胞组织的主要成份,一旦它们遭到破坏,就会导致人体内的正常化学过程受到干扰,严重的可以使细胞死亡”。细胞受到损伤、抑制、死亡或通过遗传变异影响下一代,这种现象称为X射线的生物效应。这是人体受电离辐射损伤的原因,这个特性也可充分应用在肿瘤放射治疗中。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;从上面描述可以进一步分析出,人体细胞分裂越活跃的组织或器官就越容易受到影响。比如小孩,成年人的各种腺体如性腺,甲状腺等,骨髓。另外,眼睛受到X射线的化学作用会导致晶状体受损。因此可见,人体各部位的特性不同,对X射线的敏感度也不同。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.5;"><br  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;医生和技师要做好有效的射线防护,必须要了解手术室中C形臂发出的射线和散射线的分布。</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">C形臂的射线相关屏蔽措施见图</span><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.5;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;"><img data-ratio="0.9919028340080972" data-type="jpeg" height="358" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ffHshl7INicckahIsX5dicaBw4LfrcHvjsJ2qXIvcWbAu51ZazPuicVbialTvvsdyGcIjicQpBOScnsss5nbUPVeH5Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="height: 267px;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;vertical-align: baseline;width: 269px;" width="361" data-w="494"  /></p><p style="line-height: 1.75;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;"><span style="color:#7f7f7f;font-familyingFangSC-Regular;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">图片来自丁香园</span></span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.5;"><br  /></p><span style="font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; 一般来说,当射线束中不摆放任何病人和物品时,可以认为球管发出的射线都打到增强器内部并被吸收了。旁边的工作人员吸收的射线很少。但是一旦把病人放上去曝光,这时在手术室的射线情况就完全不同了。</span></section><p><span style="font-size: 16px;">C形臂发出的射线进入病人身体后,只有1%左右的射线穿过病人到达增强器表面。</span><span style="font-size: 16px;">见图</span></p><section data-role="outer" label="owered by gulangu" style=""><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-ratio="0.9173789173789174" data-s="300,640" data-type="png" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Y0IKJZGxxObAa0LiaeEibnjHqC0c8NVQ53Tl6cA6WXsQmusX5aDJRtp7aALKNTWcXAr7J8Et4rapJFpu8phEvqmw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="" data-w="351"  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127);font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 12px;text-align: center;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;图片来自丁香园</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;"><strong style="text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;">C 形臂散射线的分布</strong></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;"><strong style="text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;"><br  /></strong></p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="font-size: 16px;">射线进入人体后,1%穿过人体进入增强器,其余80%-90%的射线被病人吸收,10%-20%的射线被人体散射。</span><span style="font-size: 16px;">见下图。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.8266331658291457" data-s="300,640" data-type="png" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Y0IKJZGxxObAa0LiaeEibnjHqC0c8NVQ53ibl1PnPsaLVzep9YQyibwUxBy09V41BdRzrbticrKPpnxVyhSlupgD8cw/640?wx_fmt=png" style="" data-w="398"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127);font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 12px;text-align: center;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;图片来自丁香园</span></p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="font-size: 16px;">手术室的医生、护士和技师受到的射线伤害绝大部分来自散射线,和病人相比,医生们受到的辐射伤害比较少,但是由于病人做手术只有有限的一次或几次,但医生们却是天天接受辐射,因此必须做好保护。</span><span style="font-size: 16px;">前面贴的一些附件论文已经证明了手术室的剂量是超标的,必须采取措施进行保护。上图中还要注意一个非常重要的现象:</span><span style="font-size: 16px;">就是散射线大部分都是朝向射线来的方向,也就是球管的方向。</span><span style="font-size: 16px;">利用好这点可以成倍的避免射线伤害。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong style="text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;">&nbsp;</strong></span><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">病人身体激发出来的散射线分布主要是偏向球管方向,随着距离病人身体射线束穿过部分越远,射线强度就越小。</span><span style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">见下图</span><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong style="text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;"></strong></span><br  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-ratio="0.8922651933701657" data-s="300,640" data-type="png" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Y0IKJZGxxObAa0LiaeEibnjHqC0c8NVQ53tXjLBTibHxe8Pw0jeGAEF4WTG4bdQc4CPzd3W4QbVGzEib4L0Nudsj9g/640?wx_fmt=png" style="" data-w="362"  /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127);font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 12px;text-align: center;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 图片来自丁香园</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong style="text-align: left;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;"></strong></span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);">&nbsp; 在C形臂的手册中都会给出病人附近一个区域的散射线立面分布图(又叫站位图)。</span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);">我在图中用红色做了注释(手册中会给出6个点的剂量分布,为了注释方便,楼主只给出了2个点的)。</span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);">大家应该能看懂吧,如果看不懂,请回帖。</span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);">从图中可以看出,球管在床下,在床边挂了铅帘后,散射线能被大幅度降低。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: left;"><strong><br  /></strong></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="86134" style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;white-space: normal;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: left;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;">如何做好个人防护减少自身射线?</strong><br  /></p></section></section><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);"><br  /></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><span style="color:#007aaa;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></span></span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);">普通手术可不穿防护衣在手术室铅墙外(&gt;4m)进行远距离控制,在不增加手术污染几率的情况下离得越远越好</span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">。</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><span style="color:#007aaa;"><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></span><span style="color:#3f3f3f;">特殊手术比如脊柱方面的手术要多次透视,跑来跑去不方便,而且容易增加污染几率,</span></span><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);">则牢记以下五点:</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><span style="color:#007aaa;"></span></span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">(1)透视时与患者的距离 &gt;&nbsp;<strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">1.5m</span></strong>:研究证明距离患者约 1.5m 进行透视,与站在 C 臂机旁边相比可使术者所经受的辐射量降低约 48%~63%,且不增加手术时间,简便易行,是适用于临床上推行的辐射防护措施</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.4550379198266522" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ffHshl7INicckahIsX5dicaBw4LfrcHvjsPyA3IkB3Un7fribpM1u1uy1GaDKxZibQncekZy4VVYWKc2icflJQp0vlA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-w="923"  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">(2)如果球管和增强器是水平放置,那么应该站到增强器那一边,越远越好<br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">(3)使用保护设备(穿戴铅衣、铅围脖、铅眼镜、铅手套等)</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">(4)眼睛扭转向外</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">(<span style="caret-color: red;">5)避免手部直接辐射:如果需要握持手术器械,也可以使用镊子或其他器械</span></span></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="86134" style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;white-space: normal;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;"><p><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quotingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;"><br  /></strong></p><p style="text-align: left;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quotingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei UI&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif;">如何减少 C 形臂射线的剂量和散射线?</strong><br  /></p></section></section><p style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;background-color: rgb(200, 214, 227);"><strong><br  /></strong></span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">1.&nbsp;</span></strong>正位时球管放床下:如进行正位透视,最好的办法就是把 C 臂机的射线发射源即球管放在床底下,然后与术者之间隔上铅帘等防护装置,这样散射出来的射线基本就被挡住了。</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><br  /></span></strong></span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">2.&nbsp;</span></strong>C 臂机影像接收器尽量贴近患者透视部位:接收器离病人越近,能有效接收穿过病人的 X 射线就越多,并且对应的球管离病人更远,病人受到的辐射更少,所以可在满足无菌要求的情况下使 C 臂机接收器尽量贴近透视部位,这样出来的片子质量又高,还可使发射强度不至于太大。图像大小上应避免使用放大模式,因为<strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">视野面积减少一半会使剂量率增加至 4 倍</span></strong>。</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.3631123919308357" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ffHshl7INicckahIsX5dicaBw4LfrcHvjsCuPztD847ehUl2sjO3svUzQBibzFYQu935LwDSaT5m0eSk4YnqgMhcQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-w="1041"  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">3.&nbsp;</span></strong>透视的部位对准增强器中心:如果不对准中心,有可能导致成像偏黑甚至出现废片,特别是拍脊柱图像时,正位时比较容易对准,但是侧位时要注意,预想一下椎体位置,保证人体覆盖了至少在 50%~70% 左右的中心位置。</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;">&nbsp;<img data-ratio="0.9041095890410958" data-type="jpeg" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ffHshl7INicckahIsX5dicaBw4LfrcHvjsHT1ic80nPfrgKPx6t61rDGIeLAg6Flf8ettGUs3YibcwIa8BAXFpwHcA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;font-weight: inherit;font-style: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;width: 118px;height: 107px;" data-w="219"  /><img data-ratio="0.9259259259259259" data-type="jpeg" height="199" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ffHshl7INicckahIsX5dicaBw4LfrcHvjsflaAibqLEy68ThMKiaugytibYXE16ylB9LSYc6kTzRiaEOC7c4krA1XJKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;font-weight: inherit;font-style: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;width: 115px;height: 106px;" width="214" data-w="108"  />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<img data-ratio="0.9305555555555556" data-type="jpeg" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ffHshl7INicckahIsX5dicaBw4LfrcHvjsPicKYCzrHbS97MSFuEKtGptVLUMs6TIMPQ7jGL5SQCdugicbzIKI5nicA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;font-weight: inherit;font-style: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;width: 120px;height: 112px;" data-w="216"  /><img data-ratio="0.9705882352941176" data-type="jpeg" height="199" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ffHshl7INicckahIsX5dicaBw4LfrcHvjsbG81w6ZQh0PzLCe36b8u8r7sDqYS7pOyMQXAesWEfU9Tvs9eSRqd2Q/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif;border-width: 0px;border-style: initial;border-color: initial;font-weight: inherit;font-style: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;width: 115px;height: 112px;" width="217" data-w="102"  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="color: #888888;font-size: 14px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">某机器的脊柱正位,侧位正常片,侧位偏离中心后偏暗图像以及和侧位严重偏离中心后导致的废片。注意使用的是体模,和真实人体 X 光片有一定的差别。<br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">4.&nbsp;</span></strong>图像质量不用追求完美,能满足手术需求即可。因为高质量的图像一定意味着更高的射线剂量。想追求高质量图像可以试着使用脉冲透视。</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.5;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">5.&nbsp;</span></strong>不同品牌的机器可能有自己的个性化设置,比如进行连续透视时频率的调节,进行进行电压 kV 和 电流 mA 的调节,进行 LowDose 模式的选择。</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">建议手术室操作 C 臂机的工作人员对机器操作多加学习,以更少的射线剂量满足手术需求。有时候操作得当可以达到 10 倍的降低剂量!</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.5;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">6.&nbsp;</span></strong></span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">减少连续透视,在第一次曝光稳定后,随后的曝光采用点片或单脉冲透视即可。</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><strong><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 18px;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">7. </span></strong>其他减少散射线的方法:可使用限束器(Collimator)缩窗。</span></p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;">现在的C形臂几乎都装了限束器。</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;">一般的限束器包括虹膜限束器和双叶限束器,虹膜限束器的叶片用的是铅或钨合金等对射线有很强的吸收左右的材料,双叶限束器是类似材料或铜,使用铜作为双叶限束器可以叫做半透限束器。</span></p><p><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">&nbsp;医生朋友可以根据病人投照部位的大小调整限束器,比如做腕关节可以关小虹膜限束器,这样关小后,进入人体的射线面积就小了,因而散射线也会小。</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"> 现在有的C形臂具有Preview功能,也就是不用曝光,就可以在图像上看到限束器的位置指示,因此可以方便调节。</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">但有的C形臂没有预览功能。</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">这时技师可以根据经验去按限束器调节按钮,根据按键的时间估计开口大小。</span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;text-align: center;">铅眼镜这么便宜能防射线吗?</strong><strong style="text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;">铅衣太重了怎么办?</strong></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="86134" style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;white-space: normal;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;"><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;background-color: rgb(200, 214, 227);"><strong><br  /></strong></span></p></section></section><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);">晶体、甲状腺是要高度警惕的器官,所以铅围脖和铅眼镜也是必不可少的。</span><strong>0.5 mm 铅当量的眼镜能吸收 99% 的射线,</strong></span>购买时尽量选带侧面防护的铅眼镜。&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;">铅衣的铅当量有 0.25 mm、0.35 mm 和 0.5 mm 的。对于 100kV 透视,0.25 mm 铅当量的铅衣可以降低 90% 的辐射剂量,0.5 mm 当量的铅衣可以降低 97% 的散射线伤害。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.5;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;">铅衣有两截式和连体的。两截式的比较好,可分散一部分重量于髋部。而连体衣若不扎腰带则整个重量都在肩膀上,穿时腰带要扎好,让髋部负载一部分重量。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><img data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.7116182572614108" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/ffHshl7INicckahIsX5dicaBw4LfrcHvjsHn3MAVKbRQ7nkP4pOsXTpGKVaMwUEweY7KSCkXVRvbZECCmjpfhIwQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="height: 174px;width: 245px;" data-w="482"  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;text-align: center;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">铅衣使用后只能挂起来,不能平放和折叠,否则会导致局部铅当量变薄和射线泄露。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;text-align: center;"><br  /></strong></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;text-align: center;">距离机器 2 米远,射线就接近 0 了吗?</strong></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="86134" style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;white-space: normal;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;"><p><br  /></p></section></section><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;">距离机器 2 米远的地方射线绝对不是零,如果不采取个人防护措施,年吸收剂量肯定超过国家安全标准。即使穿 0.5 mm 铅当量的铅衣也只能降低 99%,还不能说降到 0 。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;">国际原子能机构文献说的是只有满足下面条件才是安全的:<strong><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">穿<span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);font-size: 15px;">戴个人防护,个人剂量监测,定期体检。</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;"><strong><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><br  /></span></strong></span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;text-align: center;">出射线时躲到铅屏风后就安全了?</strong></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;">X射线打到手术室内的其他设备材料后会激发出新的散射线,(二次散射线),这样的散射线比较少,但确实存在,在实际防护中很容易被忽视。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;下图可以看出,0.5mm当量的铅屏风可以有效的衰减掉病人身体散射的绝大部分散射线99%以上,但是我们在实验室使用3mm铅当量的屏风,在屏风后面还能测到射线,这是怎么回事的?</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 经分析,其他地方的散射线打到手术室内的其他设备材料后会激发出新的散射线,这些散射线比较少,但确实存在。</span><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 16px;">因此提醒大家,单面防护不完全,个人的防护最好是全方位的。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages js_insertlocalimg" data-ratio="0.5840163934426229" data-s="300,640" data-type="png" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Y0IKJZGxxObAa0LiaeEibnjHqC0c8NVQ53ENgY2vTJ39zPicOHLQ4C3gzlDxto6Dc6v6jCfq984o8fPFQvtibwDhww/640?wx_fmt=png" style="" data-w="488"  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="color: rgb(127, 127, 127);font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 12px;text-align: center;">图片来自丁香园</span></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="86134" style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;white-space: normal;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;">个人剂量监测怎么做?</strong><br  /></section></section><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.5;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">个人剂量监测就是监测在工作中受到的辐射剂量,常见的是佩戴剂量笔。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">剂量笔应佩戴在左前方衣领上。如果穿了铅衣,应该佩戴在铅衣后面。如果手术时手经常暴露在球管发出的射线中,需要在手部佩戴指戴式剂量笔。佩戴一段时间后需要送到专门的部门去测量累积的剂量。送检周期最大不超过 3 个月。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);"><br  /></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-size: 16px;"><tbody><tr><td width="184" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">全身各组织</span></p></td><td width="369" colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">每年累积剂量限值(mSv)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">职业人员</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">公众</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-width: initial;border-style: none;border-color: initial;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">四肢</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-width: initial;border-style: none;border-color: initial;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">500</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-width: initial;border-style: none;border-color: initial;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">50</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">皮肤</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">500</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">50</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-width: initial;border-style: none;border-color: initial;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">甲状腺</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-width: initial;border-style: none;border-color: initial;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">300</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-width: initial;border-style: none;border-color: initial;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">30</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">晶体</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">50</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">5</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-width: initial;border-style: none;border-color: initial;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">全身</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-width: initial;border-style: none;border-color: initial;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">50</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-width: initial;border-style: none;border-color: initial;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">5</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">其他组织器官</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">500</span></p></td><td width="184" valign="top" style="padding: 0px 7px;border-top-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-right: none;border-bottom-color: rgb(127, 127, 127);border-left: none;"><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;font-size: 15px;">50</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;"><span style="color: #888888;font-size: 14px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">国际防辐射委员会推荐组织器官辐射剂量限值</span></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="86134" style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;white-space: normal;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;"><br  /></section></section><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="86134" style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;white-space: normal;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: left;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;">患者防护怎么做?</strong><br  /></p></section></section><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">患者不像医生常年在手术室里吃射线,从而其防护也很容易被忽视。但是我们要明白,患者离球管距离很近,接受的是短时高剂量的辐射,与医生长时低剂量的辐射相比伤害更大。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><br  /></span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">接受 C 臂机 X 射线暴露的部分患者因手术难易程度会反复多次长时间暴露于 X 射线检查, 部分患者单次术中接受的电离辐射总量有可能大于医务工作者年累积量。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 16px;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;">因此我们要对患者采取防护措施,特别是儿童患者。手术前一定用铅制品覆盖住患者的甲状腺、乳腺、眼睛以及性腺等部位。</span></p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;"><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="86134" style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;white-space: normal;border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="text-align: left;"><strong style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;">射线对生育的影响?</strong><br  /></section></section><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.5;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;">在对孕妇进行透视检查时要有一定的预防措施,这样做的目的是为了尽量减少未出生婴儿所受到的辐射。</p><p style="font-size: 16px;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;">未出生的婴儿被认为比成人或儿童对潜在的有害辐射影响更敏感。在许多检查中,如头部(包括牙齿 X 光)、胸部和四肢的 X 光检查,由于病人的盆腔区域没有暴露在 X 光射线下,因此对未出生婴儿的剂量会很低。但为了达到更高标准的防护要求,可以在手术过程中着重注意用防护品保护孕妇骨盆区域。</p><p style="font-size: 16px;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;">对于医护人员,怀孕后应该立即申请暂时离开能接触射线的岗位。</p><p style="font-size: 17px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;line-height: 1.75;color: rgb(63, 63, 63);margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br  /></p><p style="font-size: 16px;font-family: -apple-system-font, system-ui, Arial, sans-serif;"><br  /></p><section 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12px;">本文版权归原作者所有,内容代表作者个人观点,转载分享,如有问题,联系删除。</span></p><p style="font-family: 微软雅黑;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: left;line-height: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">更多精彩,扫描下方二维码关注。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages" data-ratio="0.36484375" data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Y0IKJZGxxObAa0LiaeEibnjHqC0c8NVQ53ibF5zO9iabCGYoZSmE0NAMvl3mExNDJMT2Gecetm9MLxsp6EIpMLNfKw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="1280" style=""  /></p><p style="font-family: 微软雅黑;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: left;line-height: 2em;"><br  /></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="39" data-color="rgb(30, 155, 232)" data-custom="rgb(30, 155, 232)" style="font-family: 微软雅黑;font-size: medium;letter-spacing: 0.544px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-size: 1rem;"><p style="margin-right: 16px;margin-left: 16px;max-width: 100%;min-height: 1em;text-align: right;"><span style="max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.5px;color: #888888;font-family: PingFangSC-Regular;"><strong style="max-width: 100%;">文章不错,点个好看吧&nbsp;</strong><strong style="max-width: 100%;"><img class="__bg_gif" data-ratio="1" data-type="gif" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/ffHshl7INicckahIsX5dicaBw4LfrcHvjsIicpf5oRed32l3ib1FiaFKcUloOQ6xJzMzOaWqnXI9eoH8v8Nbic5DhvZg/640?wx_fmt=gif" style="letter-spacing: 0.544px;display: inline;visibility: visible !important;width: 25.5938px !important;" data-w="300"  /></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section>
               
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