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<p style=""> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-size: 36px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沐</strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">浴着加州热烈的阳光同时又瑟瑟的海风,进入UCSF(Universityof California San Francisco)位于MissionBay的Benioff儿童医院。医院内静逸温馨,安保力量强大,除了医务人员,没有预约的无关人员无法入内。</span></p><p style=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 进入手术间,手术室内相关辅助人员(仪器工程师,杂务人员等)已经检查好仪器的运行状态,对麻醉车内的物品进行检查、补充。手术间内护士打开充气式保温气垫,覆盖患儿的毯子,准备好液体加温装置(足见对体温保护的重视)。麻醉科住院医生准备好首台药物和相关物品,设置好麻醉机和监测设备参数,将患儿资料调入电脑系统,患儿的所有资料:现病史、既往病史、用药、手术、过敏史,患者进行的所有检查结果都可以在专用医疗电脑系统中查到,甚至既往给患儿做麻醉的医生名字和他的医疗过程、总结陈述、联系方式都可以显示,所以不存在病史不明的问题(此一点对中国医生挑战极大,多数患者的既往病史都靠极其外行的不明确记忆提供,潜在风险高)。</span></p><p style=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style=""><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/GzHyBFjt9kJsMNldeuMOzZWsB9icKKvzibuMCj4EiaDBvaaPbKOeeaFwzBC5jyDA4z2ib1qvegAYTCf6yywALvV4ZA/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7495029821073559" data-w="" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/GzHyBFjt9kJsMNldeuMOzZWsB9icKKvzibuMCj4EiaDBvaaPbKOeeaFwzBC5jyDA4z2ib1qvegAYTCf6yywALvV4ZA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" /></p><p style=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 平诊手术患儿在门诊已经做好相应检查,手术当天入院,在pre-op与麻醉医生见面,简短交谈,麻醉医生向患儿和家属解释整个麻醉过程,对患者家属简要交待相应风险并做出解释。对较大的患儿会征询他/她的意见,挑选他/她喜欢的气味,然后在父母陪伴下进入手术间。麻醉医生将患儿挑选好的气味精油涂抹在面罩上,患儿闻着自己挑选的香味在吸入麻醉药物的作用下渐渐睡着,父母离开手术间。绝大多数情况下,都会使用N2O、七氟烷吸入诱导,患儿可能出现短暂的兴奋躁动期,出现肢体乱动、挣扎等短暂现象,但患儿不会有记忆,家属在事前已经沟通过,亦配合良好。</span></p><p style=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style=""><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/GzHyBFjt9kJsMNldeuMOzZWsB9icKKvzibP1Cj8gHzGJa7b9cEETvHRjldhFicibxkWibDKibXaWCicsLbQibMDeAqS4Qw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.7693836978131213" data-w="" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/GzHyBFjt9kJsMNldeuMOzZWsB9icKKvzibP1Cj8gHzGJa7b9cEETvHRjldhFicibxkWibDKibXaWCicsLbQibMDeAqS4Qw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" /></p><p style=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 患儿意识丧失后,开放静脉通道,进行输液和用药。根据手术选择相应的气道管理措施,喉罩气道支持下保留自主呼吸的管理方法使用非常多,主旨是尽量减少对下呼吸道侵入性操作,从而极大的减少相关刺激和损伤。静脉用药上与我国无异,主要是丙泊酚、咪唑安定或者右旋美托嘧啶、芬太尼等。这时外科主刀医生将主导进行time-out,对患儿的姓名,住院号,诊断以及手术方式再次进行三方核对,并简要说明他手术将要涉及的部位和手术方式,然后麻醉主治医生和主刀医生对患儿的伤口大小,疼痛强度和术后是否留院进行交流。随后,麻醉医生开始非常重要的环节:围术期多模式镇痛。</span></p><p style=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style=""><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/GzHyBFjt9kJsMNldeuMOzZWsB9icKKvzibL6HBXXswOIwACQqtic4BT8EhwicjbgKicqCQ9CyrYgYaEjG7keIeluPXQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="1.0536779324055665" data-w="" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/GzHyBFjt9kJsMNldeuMOzZWsB9icKKvzibL6HBXXswOIwACQqtic4BT8EhwicjbgKicqCQ9CyrYgYaEjG7keIeluPXQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" /></p><p style=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 小儿的镇痛是非常具有挑战性的,他们往往无法和我们用语言沟通,情绪是不受控制的,可以使用的药物是局限的,而且很多患儿术后当天立即出院,出于安全和便利性考量,术后很少使用静脉镇痛,多选择术中静脉镇痛(阿片类、非甾体消炎镇痛类)加术后口服镇痛(很多镇痛药物都有水溶液或糖浆剂型)。但对于手术创口较大、术后短期内无法进行口服镇痛的患儿,区域阻滞镇痛的应用是多模式镇痛中非常关键而有效的手段。</span></p><p style=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 单侧的上下肢手术,则采用超声联合神经刺激仪引导下的外周神经阻滞技术,单次阻滞较多,但必要时还可以进行置管。如肌间沟、腋路臂丛神经阻滞,股神经、坐骨神经阻滞等。超声联合神经刺激仪引导下的外周神经阻滞,成功率高,损伤小,定位明确,在无需患儿配合的麻醉情况下,可以起到很良好的效果,明显减少术中和术后的镇痛药物用量。缺点在于,除影像学证据外,没有明确的指标来判定区域阻滞成功与否,当然这本身就是小儿镇痛的弊病,没有可反馈的客观指标。在成人,往往是于麻醉前进行区域阻滞,确认有效后再进行全身麻醉或者镇静。</span></p><p style=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 手术结束后,患儿自主呼吸恢复,在深度镇静下拔除气管导管或者喉罩,观察患儿呼吸频率和深度,确认患儿呼吸较为规则后,使用带有氧气罐和简易呼吸装置的床将患儿转运患儿转运至PACU。PACU内有一对一的护士对患儿进行监测、护理,有巡视的麻醉医生,一旦出现病情不稳定,麻醉医生和手术医生立即被传呼到场。患儿在有效镇痛下苏醒,睁开眼睛看到的是已经守在其身边的父母。自此一场完美的小儿麻醉落幕,患儿对手术麻醉的最后记忆是麻醉甜甜的香味:草莓的、巧克力的、樱桃的.....</span></p><p style=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 香气四溢的麻醉给患儿最大化的人性照顾,将他们的心理伤害降到最低。手术室内没有患儿哭闹不止,非常静逸,患儿的安全舒适是麻醉医生的最高勋章。一场完美的小儿麻醉包含的绝不止是麻醉本身:医院系统的专业化管理使得每个环节螯合顺利,使得每个人能专注于专业本身;整个手术团队的配合和沟通,手术室护士、外科医生和麻醉医生以及相关辅助人员的通力合作、相互理解;麻醉医生与患儿及其家属有效的沟通,以及整个社会良好的医患信任关系,以上这些方面都是一场完美的麻醉所必须的要素,缺一不可。</span></p><p style=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 诚然UCSF医学中心设施和配备之精良,处于发展中国家的我们可能在某些方面还无法与之相提并论。但是医生才是医疗行为的主体,麻醉的安全性和舒适性在很大程度上是依靠主管的麻醉医生。中国麻醉医生接触病例多,临床技能更加娴熟,应变能力极强,在恶劣的舆论和可能较差的条件下,我们除了抱怨还可以努力做到我们能做的,我们可以做的更好、我们也将做的更好!</span></p><p style=""><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 最后感谢华中科技大学附属武汉协和医院麻醉科主任姚尚龙教授对我此次赴美学习的支持和引导,感谢UCSF麻醉科医务人员对我的热情帮助和指导,特别感谢Gelb教授和儿童医院麻醉科主任Zwass教授对我学习的帮助。</span></p><p><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">广州市设备维修有限公司<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">地址:广州市天河区银利街银利茶叶博览中心E栋4楼E4030室 邮编:510507</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">电话:(+86)020-8722 8723 8764 5360 8764 2943 传真:020-8722 8623</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; 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padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/dx3KibwtDhvfCZvZq5PcthnDKlnnq3AalhbichW77J3B70osicTickklZybNKUZqc44DZ0oaWaHm2p0TaA9478icwPg/0" data-ratio="1" data-w="120" width="auto" xhe_src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/dx3KibwtDhvfCZvZq5PcthnDKlnnq3AalhbichW77J3B70osicTickklZybNKUZqc44DZ0oaWaHm2p0TaA9478icwPg/0?tp=webp&wxfrom=5" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/dx3KibwtDhvfCZvZq5PcthnDKlnnq3AalhbichW77J3B70osicTickklZybNKUZqc44DZ0oaWaHm2p0TaA9478icwPg/0?tp=webp&wxfrom=5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">维修咨询:QQ: 712638 404</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">设备咨询: QQ: 712638 405</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">软件咨询:QQ: 712638 406</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">配件咨询:QQ: 712638 407</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">交流Q群:1106 11074</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">网址:http://www.yiliaoshebeiweixiu.com</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">电子邮箱:service@yiliaoshebeiweixiu.com</span></p><p><br /></p>
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