7张图带你看懂90多种新冠疫苗的研发现状

admin · 发表于 2020-10-14 12:23:25

                  <section data-role="paragraph" data-color="rgb(182, 228, 253)" data-custom="rgb(182, 228, 253)"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section><section><section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/86b79d371e9862b01189f0252a03b2cd_1.png" /></p></p></section><section><section><span><strong></strong></span></section><p><span>医疗器械媒体报道先锋</span></p><p><span>分享专业医疗器械知识</span></p></section><section><section><section><span>关注</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br  /></p><p><span>来源：Nature自然科研</span></p><p><br  /></p><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span><strong><span>科学家们希望通过八种方式实现对SARS-CoV-2的免疫。</span></strong></span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><span>目前有超过90种SARS-CoV-2疫苗正在研发过程中，研究团队来自世界各地的公司和大学。研究人员正在尝试不同的技术，其中有一些尚未被用于已获批的疫苗。至少有六个团队开始在安全性临床试验中给志愿者注射候选疫苗制剂；其他一些则开始了动物测试。《自然》通过图示方法来解释每种疫苗的设计原理。</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><img src="image/20201014/46abd0858d1764a61fc05cf0ac0c7fd9_2.png" /></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span>图片绘制：Nik Spencer/Nature</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span><strong><span>SARS-CoV-2疫苗：多种途径</span></strong></span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><span>所有的疫苗都是通过让身体接触某种不会致病的抗原，激发免疫反应，从而能在人体被感染后阻断或杀死病毒。正处于试验中的冠状病毒疫苗至少包括八种类型，它们分别基于不同的病毒或病毒组分。</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><img src="image/20201014/c5df38e37cb699a2f689b5b879a003fb_3.png" /></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span>图片来源：《自然》的分析基于：WHO COVID-19 疫苗现状/米尔肯研究中心 COVID-19治疗和疫苗跟踪/T. Thanh Le et al. Nature Rev. Drug. Disc.http://doi.org/ggrnbr (2020)/F. Amanat & F. Krammer Immunity52, 583–589 (2020)/W. Shang et al. npj Vaccines 5, 18 (2020).</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span><strong><span>病毒疫苗</span></strong></span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><span>至少有七个团队正在基于病毒本身研发减毒或灭活疫苗。许多现有疫苗都是通过这种方式获得的，例如麻疹和脊髓灰质炎疫苗，但需要对其进行大量的安全性测试。北京科兴生物已开始在人体中测试一种灭活的SARS-CoV-2。</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><img src="image/20201014/deefd78390aff026ead254e4d6a79066_4.png" /></p></section><section><br  /></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span><strong><span>病毒载体疫苗</span></strong></span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><span>大约有25个团队表示他们正在研究病毒载体疫苗。类似麻疹病毒或腺病毒的病毒经过遗传改造之后，可以在体内产生冠状病毒蛋白。这些病毒毒力减弱后无法致病。这类疫苗有两种类型：一类仍能够在细胞内复制，另一类则因为关键基因失效而无法复制。</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><img src="image/20201014/66d59edbaaf13f467d22cce0fe263ea9_5.png" /></p></section><section><br  /></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span><strong><span>核酸疫苗</span></strong></span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><span>至少20个团队尝试利用能激发免疫反应的冠状病毒蛋白的遗传信息（DNA或RNA的形式）作为疫苗。将核酸插入到人类细胞，之后大量复制产生病毒蛋白；这些疫苗中的大多数都编码病毒的刺突蛋白。</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><img src="image/20201014/5bdc83124ec9b7e73a74a691622c7907_6.png" /></p></section><section><br  /></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span><strong><span>基于蛋白质的疫苗</span></strong></span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><span>许多研究人员希望直接将冠状病毒蛋白质注射入体内。蛋白质片段或类似冠状病毒外壳的蛋白质外壳也可以用。</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><img src="image/20201014/021d3d1e907112ef9f1e86b7d1de2890_7.png" /></p><br  /></section><section><br  /></section></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span><strong><span>工业试验</span></strong></span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><span>领导疫苗研究工作的团队中，超过70%来自工业或私营企业。临床试验首先在动物和人身上进行小规模的安全性研究，然后进行更大规模的试验，以确定疫苗是否会引发免疫反应。研究人员正在加快步骤，希望在18个月内研制出疫苗。</span></p><p><span><br  /></span></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><img src="image/20201014/7823cd33b9f414f7b2ef1c89befbc923_8.png" /></p></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><span>图片来源：Fig. 2 in T. Thanh Le et al. Nature Rev. Drug. Disc.http://doi.org/ggrnbr (2020).</span></p></section></section></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><p><br  /></p></section><section powered-by="gulangu"><section><p><span>原文以The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide为标题发表在2020年4月 28日的《自然》新闻特写版块</span></p></section></section><p><span>原文作者：Ewen Callaway</span><br  /></p><p><br  /></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by gulangu"><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#757576"><section data-role="paragraph"><section><section><section data-brushtype="text"><strong>相关阅读</strong></section></section></section><section><section><br  /></section></section><section data-width="100%"><section><section><section><section data-width="100%"><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87578" data-color="#6aa9ad" data-custom="#59c3f9"><section><p><img src="image/20201014/2aac877ff9233ba5a66e7a5ff3a4febf_9.gif" /></p></section><section data-brushtype="text">戳一下，更有料！</section></section><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="87578" 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