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<section data-color="rgb(182, 228, 253)" data-custom="rgb(182, 228, 253)"><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section data-color="rgb(182, 228, 253)" data-custom="rgb(182, 228, 253)"><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/86b79d371e9862b01189f0252a03b2cd_1.jpg" /></p></p></section><section><section><span><strong></strong></span></section><p><span>医疗器械媒体报道先锋</span></p><p><span>分享专业医疗器械知识</span></p></section><section><section><section><span>关注</span></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br /></p><p><span>当拿到一张血气分析<br /></span></p><p><span>该如何看待?</span></p><p><span>今天月叔打怪兽教你秒懂血气分析四大问题!</span></p><p><span>一起来看吧!</span></p><p><span><br /><br /></span></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/d89b236f187f1c8b35ce6c9d073dc0c9_2.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><p><strong><span>这四大问题也就是:其他交换、酸碱平衡、电解质、其他</span></strong></p><p><br /></p><section data-support="96编辑器" data-style-id="22631"><section><section><p><strong>01</strong></p></section><section><p><strong>概述</strong></p></section></section></section><p><br /></p><section data-role="paragraph"><section><span>血气分析可以迅速评估患者氧合指标、气体交换能力、酸碱平衡状态,也可以快速了解动脉血中的钾离子、钠离子、钙离子等电解质水平,还可以测量血糖、乳酸等指标,在临床上非常实用。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><span>拿到血气结果之后,该如何分析呢?主要有四个方面:1.气体交换问题(PaCO2,PO2);2.酸碱平衡问题(PH,HCO3-、BE、AG、Lac);3.电解质问题(Na、K、Ca、CL);4.其他问题(Glu、Hb、Hct)。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section data-support="96编辑器" data-style-id="22631"><section><section><p><strong>02</strong></p></section><section><p><strong>气体交换</strong></p></section></section></section><p><br /></p></section><section data-role="paragraph"><section><span>肺是通气、换气的场所,它有3亿个肺泡、70m2的肺泡表面积、200m2的毛细血管表面积,肺组织低压低阻高容量,1分钟可以有7L空气出入和5L血流出入,1cmH2O的压力可以是肺组织膨胀150ml,示意见下:<br /></span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><p><img src="image/20201014/f121575499a1eee7563288e0003ca92a_3.jpg" /></p></section><section><br /></section><section><span>气体交换有两个指标,一个是氧分压(PO2),一个是二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><p><img src="image/20201014/6db58f2620c81f311f226e074808fc4c_4.jpg" /></p></section><section><p><img src="image/20201014/5c9c896031c2e1d58fddc126eb480047_5.jpg" /></p></section><section><br /></section><section><span>PaCO2=0.863*【二氧化碳产生量(用VCO2表示)/肺泡通气量(用Va表示)】。肺泡通气量Va=分钟通气量-死腔通气量=(潮气量-死腔量)*呼吸频率。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><span>健康人每分钟产生二氧化碳约200ml,二氧化碳分压能够反应肺通气,具体见下:</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><p><img src="image/20201014/8ee4167e4c617277032c973b1a3ddf9b_6.jpg" /></p></section><section><br /></section><p><span>氧分压受到环境、肺泡通气量、肺泡气体交换三个因素影响,在其他不变的情况下,吸入氧浓度越高,氧分压越高。而肺泡气体交换受三个因素影响,也就是:1.通气血流比例;2.弥散功能(二氧化碳弥散较氧气更容易,单纯的弥散功能障碍对氧分压影响不大);3.静脉分流(见于肺不张、ARDS)。氧分压影响因素见下:</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/8dc249e59a6a11a42e3de205dcb64c61_7.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><section><span>AaDO2(肺泡氧分压和动脉氧分压差)=(760-47)*0.21-(PaCO2/0.8),如果>15提示肺泡气体交换障碍。其分析思路见下:</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><span>肺泡氧分压指导的分析</span></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/4074f0b21ec5ca187178744826ea4e76_8.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><section><span>气体交换阅读顺序:1.通过PC02判断通气,决定是哪一类型呼吸衰竭;2.通过PaO2判断有误低氧血症;3.通过AaDO2判断有无气体交换障碍;4.诊断呼吸衰竭。呼吸衰竭标准:吸氧下氧合指数<300;未吸氧下氧分压<60mmHg伴或不伴PaCO2升高(50mmHg)。</span></section><section data-support="96编辑器" data-style-id="22631"><section><section><p><strong>03</strong></p></section><section><p><strong>酸碱平衡</strong></p></section></section></section><p><br /></p></section><section data-role="paragraph"><p><p><img src="image/20201014/df9db856a49a99e1369546e541184628_9.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><section><span>正常血液PH是7.35-7.45,<7.35为酸血症,>7.45为碱血症,在7.35-7.45之间患者可以是正常也可以是异常但完全代偿,其代偿关系见下:<br /></span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><span>酸碱失衡四大类型关系图</span></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/9389358df05f274ee16f808d668f8b4b_10.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><section><span>HCO3-和PaCO2的平衡决定了PH值。肺调节PaCO2,肾脏调节HCCO3-,两者间的平衡维持酸碱平衡,出现平衡失常会有代偿性变化,但代偿有一定的局限。可以通过六步分析法来看待血气分析的酸碱平衡问题。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p><strong><span>第一步:</span></strong></p><p><span>评估酸碱平衡首先要计算血气是否可用,可以通过H+推测PH,与血气中的PH对比,然后判定血气是否可用。H+=24*(PaCO2/HCO3-)。<br /></span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>血气数据一致性判定</span></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/0f564a804f1bc622418d6acc2893dd47_11.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><p><strong><span>第二步:</span></strong><span></span></p><section><span>判定为酸中毒还是碱中毒。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/9c43de7c08a63f0608d8d90caba9af42_12.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><p><strong><span>第三步:</span></strong></p><section><span>结合病因,判定原发失衡是什么。原发变化决定PH变化,PH<3.5表明存在呼吸性酸中毒或者代谢性酸中毒;PH>4.5存在呼吸性碱中毒或代谢性碱中毒。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p><strong><span>第四步:</span></strong><span></span></p><section><span>判定代偿情况。如果代偿变化在代偿范围内,则为单纯性变化;如果不在,则存在混合变化。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><span>酸碱失衡代偿公式</span></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/5176f73e2191ea23497a213ecda40ba3_13.jpg" /></p></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/51d874f129010b5c0de153caf433bcbf_14.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><p><strong><span>第五步:</span></strong><span></span></p><section><span>计算阴离子间隙。阴离子间隙=Na-(CL+HCO3),正常为8-16,AG≥20则考虑存在高AG代谢性酸中毒。低蛋白血症会影响AG数值,白蛋白每下降10g/l,AG正常值下降2.5mmol/l。</span></section><section><strong><span><br /></span></strong></section><p><strong><span>第六步:</span></strong><span></span></p><p><span>计算△AG;△AG=测量的AG-12,然后计算预计HCO3(△AG+测量HCO3)。预计HCO3<22,则存在代谢性酸中毒;>26则存在代谢性碱中毒。</span></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p><span>血气分析实战</span></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/52fdd0e656338492d7c2537bcdf892ff_15.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><section><span>血气分析同时还可以监测乳酸情况,如果乳酸>2mmol/l,提示乳酸升高(高乳酸血症),可分为三型,也就是A型、B型、C型。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><span>乳酸血症分型</span></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/024820ce1f3ac23899ffacf04b85c229_16.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><section><span>碳酸氢钠不建议用于乳酸酸中毒(会增加细胞内酸中毒风险),对于AG正常的代酸患者使用碳酸氢钠较为安全。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section data-support="96编辑器" data-style-id="22631"><section><section><p><strong>04</strong></p></section><section><p><strong>电解质</strong></p></section></section></section><p><br /></p></section><section data-role="paragraph"><section><span>血气分析可以监测电解质情况,包括钠、钾、氯、钙。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><span>血气分析电解质示意图</span></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/965bda1d435276b7967db23d29f59aef_17.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><section><span>低钠血症指的是血钠<135mmol/l,病因多种多样。根据血浆渗透压,可以将低钠血症分低渗性、高渗性、等渗性,低渗性低钠血症是真正的低钠血症。对于低渗性低钠血症患者,需要评估其血容量,依据血容量将其分为等容量、高容量、低容量。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><span>低钠血症诊断思路</span></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/eb9e2ae49f6084398eb4363a7ab2e717_18.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><p><span>低钠血症治疗思路</span></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/985b6e1571c481174f9cde2ecaf6107a_19.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><section><span>高钠血症指的是血钠>145mmol/l,可以引起中枢神经系统和肌肉系统改变,意识水平能够反应血钠的严重程度。病因有:1.水摄入不足;2.尿崩症(又分为肾性尿崩和中枢性尿崩);3.肾性或肾外性丢失低张液体;4.钠收入过多。如果高钠血症持续时间不超过数小时,可以迅速降低血钠;如果高钠血症持续时间较长,应当谨慎降低血钠,速度应当≤1mmol/l.h。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><span>高钠血症诊断思路</span></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/fccad3c782847bdf2f79e27acaa16dd0_20.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><p><span>高钠血症治疗思路</span></p><p><p><img src="image/20201014/28b02c1019e90765c18d2efa15cfd970_21.png" /></p></p><p><br /></p><section><span>低钾血症指的是血钾<3.5,高钾血症指的是血钾>4.5。高钾血症需要紧急处理:1.葡萄糖酸钙10-20ml静推30-60s;2.高糖胰岛素静滴(50%GS 100ml+10uRI 10min);3,碳酸氢钠(125ml,10min);4.呋塞米(40mg,iv);5.透析。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><section><span>低钙血症<br /></span></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/80c3ed81d91ccaf557cb693d4094fae6_22.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><section><span>高钙血症</span></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/4365dabdd868268caf8712ec347ebf54_23.jpg" /></p></p><p><br /></p><section data-support="96编辑器" data-style-id="22631"><section><section><p><strong>05</strong></p></section><section><p><strong>其他</strong></p></section></section></section><p><br /></p></section><section data-role="paragraph"><section><span>血气分析中还可以监测血糖、血红蛋白情况。</span></section><section><span><br /></span></section><p><p><img src="image/20201014/f23a66662aa5e7df063aada42d0fbfbe_24.png" /></p></p><section data-tools="gulangu" data-id="97302"><section><section><br /></section><section 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