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<p><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/kFiaamOEjRian1HH0R0eUOoCeBLcQMwLwP8AhIKEgibEZWZ6Aj8JI7ctB2SCxKLuXUNfMEVnjyjE28FWL7b7WmoKQ/0" data-ratio="0.11857707509881422" data-w="" width="auto" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/kFiaamOEjRian1HH0R0eUOoCeBLcQMwLwP8AhIKEgibEZWZ6Aj8JI7ctB2SCxKLuXUNfMEVnjyjE28FWL7b7WmoKQ/0" style="white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 宋体; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 18.88888931274414px; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" /><span style="text-indent: 2em;"><img data-s="300,640" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/A1DicCH9Vl6NbV3Coc6uW9OFoxKetia8OLYawSwdEoemJDAUCqOwm8YoicPkefwibTAuZkIfxotyVKkyyRKjdq3KyA/0" data-ratio="0.6403162055335968" data-w="" /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center;"><strong><span style="text-indent: 2em;">图</span></strong><span style="text-indent: 2em;"> <strong><span style="text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(0, 112, 192);">贝克曼血液分析仪</span></strong></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="text-indent: 2em;">面对众多制造商生产的各种品牌、性能各异的血凝仪,如何选择是从事凝血分析工作者面临的一大任务。</span><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>一、血凝仪的选型</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">在选择血凝仪时,首先需知道血凝分析仪的制造商和性能,在选择血凝仪时应注意以下几点:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1. 正确定位:包括(1)购买血凝仪的目的是从事科研、临床或二者兼顾;(2)工作量,即所在单位规模大小、床位和标本量多少;(3)需有一定的预见性,使所购的血凝仪在3-5年内不落伍。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2. 认真了解血凝仪:包括(1)血凝仪的各种性能、技术参数、检测指标;(2)血凝仪的检测能力,如分析测试速度,是否有急诊检验和随时插入能力,检测项目和种类、试剂的稳定性;(3)标准物、质控物、试剂的来源和价格等。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">3.认真了解销售商:目的是寻求正规的销售商及其售后服务好、服务质量和效率高而且及时,如维修、试剂、质控品的从应等,同时,应要求销售商对售后的人员培训的内容、时间及方式做出明确的回答和安排。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">4.选型途径:可通过咨询已购不同血凝仪的多家实验室同行,获取最直接使用效果的信息;也可能过血凝仪的销售商信息、广告及介绍对血凝仪的型别进行了解;尤其重要的是需索取权威机构[如美国食品和药品管理局(FDA)]对欲购血凝仪的评估报告,以保证所购血凝仪的质量。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">5.注意事项:包括(1)切忌盲目跟随制造商及销售商,去追求档次高、功能多、项目全的血凝仪。因功能过多,易出现故障;同时,功能与项目多可能用不上;(2)切忌盲目了解或参观后而不切实际地跟大医院、上级医院走;(3)切忌只顾眼前利益,或得到某些好处后而购买过时、落后的产品;(4)在购买后须对照说明书确认血凝仪的各种性能、参数和指标,否则,不予接受。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>二、血凝仪的评价</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">对血凝仪进行评价可按照国际血液学标准化委员会(ICSH)所制定的评价内容给予专业技术评价。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">1. 精密度(precision):也称重复性测定,即评价血凝仪分析的偶然误差。评价时,可用相同或不同质控血浆或新鲜病人血浆在相同或不同时间内进行检测,分析批内(within-day),批间重复性(between-day)及总重复性测定,最好采用高、中、低三个水平的样本进行测定(n≥15)。有人建议以(S实验室)2=(批内S)2+(批间S)2评价血凝仪分析的差异。总重复性测定用20-100份病人标本,随机排列,每个标本测定2-3次,求总CV、是批内精度、仪器稳定性、互染等因素的总和,最能反映仪器精度性能。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2. 线性(linearity):以质控物、定标物或混合血浆测定在不同时间稀释至(4-5个浓度)时的各种自动血凝分析相关参数,可观察各种参数是否随血浆被稀释而相应减低。理想结果是不同程度稀释及其相应结果在直角坐标纸上应或一条通过原点的直线。例如大多数自动血凝仪测定纤维蛋白原的线性为0.5-9g/L。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">3. 污染率(carryover):即不同浓度样品对测定结果的影响。采用Bioughton法测定,即高低2个活性/含量的血浆,先测定高值样品3次(H1、H2、H3),随时测定低值样品3次(L1、L2、L3)。携带污染率=(L1- L3)/(H3–L3×100%。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">4. 准确性(accuracy):即以参考方法确定的参考品或校正品(calibrator)对血凝仪测定的准确性予以评价,定值参考品须由厂家提供或使用规定的校标物。美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)提出PT、APTT、FIB的总允许误差(Tea)要求(见表1)。准确性也可通过传统的回收率加以评价。回收率=回收浓度/加入浓度×100%,其中回收浓度=测定浓度- 基础浓度,加入浓度= 标准液浓度×标准液量/(血浆量+标准液量)。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">5. 相关性研究(correlation study):也称可比性分析(comparison),主要取决于对比方法的性能。最好选择参考方法为对比方法,这样在解释结果时,就可将方法间的任何分析误差都归于待评方法;若采用已知偏差法为对比方法,则有部分误差来自对比方法(与已知偏差一致的好一部分误差),剩余误差则属于待评血凝仪的分析误差,若采用未知偏差方法,分析误差可能来源于二者之一或二者都有,因而难以分析误差来源。目前,由于大多数血凝分析参数缺乏参考方法,也可使用被评价血凝仪与已知性能并经校正的血凝仪作平行测定。如偏差为固定误差或比例误差,可能是仪器没有校准,重新校准后即可使用。如偏差缺乏规律性,则可能为仪器本身缺陷,用户难以解决。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">6. 干扰(interference):即血凝仪在有异常样品或干扰物存在情况下的抗干扰能力。干扰因素包括溶血、高脂血、高胆红素血等。</p><p style=""><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/rz7R73cuHRrv6jdOCoJeZmYwvEAIoHpY0a7yJL2egiaEokLTpwkIsIRTzTFUic09aEThKHS4hrEcSqU0lAS3tu5g/0" data-ratio="0.14784394250513347" data-w="487" width="auto" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/rz7R73cuHRrv6jdOCoJeZmYwvEAIoHpY0a7yJL2egiaEokLTpwkIsIRTzTFUic09aEThKHS4hrEcSqU0lAS3tu5g/0" style="word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" /></p><p style=""><legend style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; widows: 2; margin: 0px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; 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word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">平台的理念:分享维修经验,为工程师提供技术配件支持,为临床使用者提供医疗器械使用保养维护信息,关注我们传递正能量。</span></p><p style=""><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">主页回复:</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; font-size: 18px;">M</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span></span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;">有精彩内容呈上</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; widows: 2; 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word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; padding: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 192, 0); font-size: 14px;"></span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(255, 192, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 14px;">? </span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px;">定期推送</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(255, 192, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px;">医械资讯</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; line-height: 28px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(127, 127, 127);">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(0, 176, 80);">厂家推介</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(112, 48, 160);">维修知识</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(127, 127, 127);">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(0, 176, 240);">产品知识</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(127, 127, 127);">,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(146, 208, 80);">医疗器械相关</span></span></span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(127, 127, 127);">等诸多优质内容,</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;">最接地气</span><span style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; color: rgb(127, 127, 127);">、</span><span style="max-width: 100%; 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