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<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">化学发光免疫分析(Chemiluminescence analysis,CLIA)诞生于1977年。根据放射免疫分析的基本原理,将高灵敏的化学发光技术与高特异性的免疫反应结合起来,建立了化学发光免疫分析法。CLIA具有灵敏度高、特异性强、线性范围宽、操作简便、不需要十分昂贵的仪器设备等特点。CLIA应用范围较广,既可检测不同分子大小的抗原、半抗原和抗体,又可用于核酸探针的检测。CLIA与放射免疫分析(RIA)、荧光免疫分析(IFA)及酶免疫分析(EIA)相比,具有无辐射、标记物有效期长并可实现全自动化等优点。CLIA为兽医、医学及食品分析检测和科学研究提供了一种痕量或超痕量的非同位素免疫检测手段。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>1.化学发光免疫分析技术的基本原理</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">化学发光免疫分析含有免疫分析和化学发光分析两个系统。免疫分析系统是将化学发光物质或酶作为标记物,直接标记在抗原或抗体上,经过抗原与抗体反应形成抗原一抗体免疫复合物。化学发光分析系统是在免疫反应结束后,加入氧化剂或酶的发光底物,化学发光物质经氧化剂的氧化后,形成一个处于激发态的中间体,会发射光子释放能量以回到稳定的基态,发光强度可以利用发光信号测量仪器进行检测。根据化学发光标记物与发光强度的关系,可利用标准曲线计算出被测物的含量。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>2.化学发光免疫分析法的类型</strong></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">化学发光免疫分析法根据标记物的不同可分为三大类,即化学发光免疫分析、化学发光酶免疫分析</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">和电化学发光免疫分析法。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2.1 化学发光免疫分析</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">化学发光免疫分析是用化学发光剂直接标记抗体或抗原的一类免疫测定方法。目前常见的标记物主要为鲁米诺类和吖啶酯类化学发光剂。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2.1.1 鲁米诺类标记的化学发光免疫分析:鲁米诺类物质的发光为氧化反应发光。在碱性溶液中,鲁米诺可被许多氧化剂氧化发光,其中H2o2最为常用。因发光反应速度较慢,需添加某些酶类或无机催化剂。酶类主要是辣根过氧化物酶(HRP),无机类包括O3、卤素及Fe3 、Cu2 、Co2 和它们的配合物。早期主要用于无机物和有机生物小分子的测定,灵敏度因标记后发光强度降低而降低。人们发现发光体系中加入某些酚类及其衍生物、胺类及其衍生物和苯基硼酸衍生物对体系的发光均有显著增强作用,发光强度可提高1000倍,并且“本底”发光显著降低,发光时间也得到延长。这些增强剂的使用,使化学发光免疫分析在蛋白、核酸分析领域得到广泛的应用。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2.1.2 吖啶酯类标记的化学发光免疫分析:吖啶酯用于CLIA由于热稳定性不是很好,经研究合成了更稳定的吖啶酯衍生物。在H2o2和OH一条件下,吖啶酯类化合物能迅速发光,量子产率很高,如吖啶芳香酯的量子产率可达0.05,吖啶酯作为标记物用于免疫分析,发光体系简单、快速,不需要加入催化剂,且标记效率高,本底低。这些特点引起广大分析诊断工作者的极大兴趣。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2.2 化学发光酶免疫分析</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">化学发光酶免疫分析(Chemiluminescent enzymeimmunoassay,cLEIA)属酶免疫分析,只是酶反应的底物是发光剂,操作步骤与酶免分析完全相同:以酶标记生物活性物质进行免疫反应,免疫反应复合物上的酶再作用于发光底物,在信号试剂作用下发光,用发光信号测定仪进行发光测定。目前常用的标记酶为辣根过氧化物酶(HRP )和碱性磷酸酶(ALP),它们有各自的发光底物。HRP最常用发光底物是鲁米诺及其衍生物。在CLEIA中,使用过氧化物酶标记抗体,进行免疫反应后,利用鲁米诺作为发光底物,在过氧化物酶和起动发光试剂(NaOH和H2o2)作用下鲁米诺发光,酶免疫反应物中酶的浓度决定了化学发光的强度。此传统的化学发光体系(HRP-H2O2-LUMINOL)为几秒内瞬时闪光,存在发光强度低、不易测量等缺点。后来,在发光系统中加入增强发光剂,以增强发光信号,并在较长的时间内保持稳定,便于重复测量,从而提高分析灵敏度和准确性。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">碱性磷酸酶(ALP)已广泛用于酶联免疫分析和核酸杂交分析。碱性磷酸酶和1,2.二氧环乙烷构成的发光体系是目前最重要、最灵敏的一类化学发光体系。这类体系中具有代表性的是ALP-AMPPD发光体系。在溶液中AMPPD的磷酸酯键很稳定,非酶催化的水解非常慢,在pHl2的0.05 mol/L碳酸钠缓冲溶液中,分解半衰期可达74年,几乎没有试剂本身的发光背景。AMPPD为磷酸酯酶的直接发光底物,可用来检测碱性磷酸酶或抗体、核酸探针及其他配基的结合物。ALP-AMPPD发光体系具有非常高的灵敏度,对标记物ALP的检测限达10-21 mol,是最灵敏的免疫测定方法之一。对AMPPD加以改进,获得具有更好反应动力学和更高</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">灵敏度的新一代产物:CSPD、CDP-Star。这些体系已广泛用于各种基因、病原体DNA的鉴定。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">2.3 电化学发光免疫分析</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">电化学发光免疫分析(Electrochemiluminescence,ECL)是指由电化学反应引起的化学发光过程。ECL的反应在电极表面进行,发光底物为三联吡啶钌[Ru(byp)2+3 ],三丙胺(TPA)用来激发光反应。在阳极表面,两种物质同时失去电子。在电极板上Ru(byp)2+3 被氧化成Ru(byp)3+3,TPA也被氧化成阳离子自由基(TPA+# ),TPA+#自发地释放一个质子而变成非稳定分子(TPA* ),将一个电子递给Ru(byp)3+3,形成激发态的Ru(byp)2+3。Ru(byp)3+3在衰减的同时发射一个波长为620NM的光子,重新回到基态Ru(byp)2+3。这一过程在电极表面反复进行,产生高效、稳定的连续发光,并不断增强。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; list-style: none; line-height: 28px; text-indent: 2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ECL的突出优点是:①标记分子小,可实现多标记,标记物非常稳定;②发光时间长,灵敏度高;③光信号线性好,动力学范围宽,超过6个数量级;④可重复测量,重现性好;⑤可实现多元检测和均相免疫分析;⑥快速,完成一个样品的分析通常只需18 min;⑦可实现全自动化。由于电化学发光免疫分析具有优越性,是一种很有发展前途的免疫分析法,日益受到人们的重视,目前已广泛应用于抗原、半抗原及抗体的免疫检测。</p><p style=""><img src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/rz7R73cuHRrv6jdOCoJeZmYwvEAIoHpY0a7yJL2egiaEokLTpwkIsIRTzTFUic09aEThKHS4hrEcSqU0lAS3tu5g/0" data-ratio="0.14784394250513347" data-w="487" width="auto" width="auto" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/rz7R73cuHRrv6jdOCoJeZmYwvEAIoHpY0a7yJL2egiaEokLTpwkIsIRTzTFUic09aEThKHS4hrEcSqU0lAS3tu5g/0?tp=webp" style="margin: 0px; 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max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">联系我哟</span></span></legend><blockquote style="padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; overflow: hidden; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 192, 0); font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 192, 0); border: 0px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">? </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); border: 0px; line-height: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">定期推送</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 192, 0); border: 0px; line-height: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">医械资讯</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; border: 0px; line-height: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">,</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 176, 80); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">厂家推介</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(127, 127, 127); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">,</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; 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